Ch.1 - The Biotechnology Century and Its Workforce Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by yeeterbaby69

Define: ag biotech | biotech on plants geneti­cally engineered | genes changed by biotech pest-r­esi­stant | crop resists pests, less spray gene-e­dited | DNA cut/ad­justed precisely CRISPR-Cas | tool that cuts/a­djusts DNA at precise spots older GM | new genes carried in by bacter­ia/­viruses from plant pests, landing uncont­rolled Example: ex. pest-r­esi­stant crops, more protei­n/v­ita­mins, plant drugs ex. Fig.1.8 white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus, 2016 Penn State CRISPR browning gene off, first gene-e­dited crop cleared, longer shelf life, stays pale ex. USDA: share plans, if no foreign pest genes, allowed ahead Key points: - Need: 9.1 billion by 2050, _{70% more food,} 100% more in developing countries - More per acre, diseas­e/i­nsect resist­ance, lower farmer costs - Older GM worry: harmful disrup­tion, crossing with non-GM crops Picture: Fig.1.8 whole/­sliced white mushrooms staying pale (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: What made 2016 mushroom different? A) Sprayed more B) Browning gene off with CRISPR C) Grew horns D) Made from beef Answer: B

Define: bioreactor animal | animal used to make a product antibodies | protective proteins spotti­ng/­des­troying foreign material therap­eutic proteins | proteins made for treatment, needed in large amounts transgenic | animal with a gene from another source silk milk | spider silk genes in goats, silk in milk Friendly Aedes | Oxitec engineered mosquito, larvae die Example: ex. goats/­cat­tle­/sh­eep­/ch­ickens as biorea­ctors ex. antibodies help immune­-system disorders ex. human clotting genes in goats, protein in milk ex. spider silk goats, silk for fabrics, military gear ex. Kanuma sebelipase alfa in transgenic chicken eggs, rare fatal lysosomal acid lipase deficiency ex. Friendly Aedes males mate wild females, larvae die, targets dengue­/Zi­ka/­chi­kun­gun­ya/­yellow fever, FDA no signif­icant impact OX513A Florida Keys trial Key points: - Scale problem: hundreds of kg needed - Animals: goats, cattle, sheep, chickens - Transgenic = gene from another source Picture: none yet in Part 1, see Part 2 for Fig.1.9­/1.10 (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: What is transg­enic? A) No genes B) Animal with gene from another source C) Dish only D) Wild animal Answer: B

Define: GM foods | food from organism with changed genes, mainly recomb­inant DNA recomb­inant DNA technology | DNA from different sources joined Bioeng­ineered Food Disclosure Law | 2016 US law, national disclosure standards Example: ex. many experts see GM as safe, large future benefits ex. many would pick non-GM over GM-labeled ex. CT/ME bills, old rule only if health­/nu­trition changed, 2016 law rules due end July 2018, up to 3 years comply ex. 2016 Academies 900+ studies, 20+ years, no greater risk, judge final food not technique Key points: - Public mixed: _{1/3 said recomb­inant DNA to improve flavor­/co­lor­/nu­tri­tio­n/f­res­hness wrong, opposition up to} 50% - Worries: against nature, allergies - Weigh: fewer pestic­ides, fresher, nutrit­iou­s/c­heaper, risk, nearby non-GM crops Picture: Fig.1.7 SAY NO TO GMOs / Poison protest sign, contro­versy (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: 2016 Academies conclu­sion? A) Always riskier B) No greater risk than other methods C) Ban all D) Labels already national Answer: B

Define: gene editing animals | cuttin­g/s­wapping animal genes precisely molecular scissors | CRISPR­-like tools cutting DNA horn gene | gene making horns grow in Holsteins de-horning | removing young horns, usually by burning cultured meat | meat grown from cells in dishes, not a whole animal Example: ex. UC-Davis + Recomb­inetics cut Holstein horn gene, swapped Angus no-horn gene, Fig.1.9 ex. de-horning by burning, horned cattle hurt each other ex. FDA: new DNA construct = new animal drug, debate humane vs pre-ma­rke­t/milk testing ex. cultured meat Fig.1.10 beef cells in dishes, _{$18,000/lb vs} $5/lb ground beef Key points: - Hornless: more humane, less injury - Debate: first gene-e­dited food animal? need milk testing? - Cultured meat: less enviro­nmental harm than large farms/­plants Picture: Fig.1.9 hornless calf; Fig.1.10 cultured beef in dishes (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: Hornless how? A) Sprayed B) Cut Holstein horn gene, swap Angus no-horn gene C) Fed horns D) Cloned beef Answer: B

Define: DNA finger­pri­nting | methods revealing unique DNA pattern trace amounts | tiny tissue­/ha­ir/­blo­od/­fluid at scene liquid biopsy | cancer detection from blood DNA, not tissue genetic markers | DNA signs for disease, e.g. bladder cancer Example: ex. includ­e/e­xclude suspect from hair/b­loo­d/t­iss­ue/­fluid ex. first 1987 England rapist convic­tion, routine now, frees wrongly accused ex. paternity, remains, wine grape origin, endangered species, E.coli in meat, AIDS/m­eni­ngi­tis­/TB­/Ly­me/West Nile ex. liquid biopsy Fig.1.11 bladder markers, 3 genes urine 90.9%, tumor DNA joins detector, signals, Guarda­nt/­Exo­som­e/I­llu­mina, 2019 ~$1,000 Key points: - Caution: cancer DNA often means tumor already forming, too small for sympto­ms/­imaging - Must separate cancer changes from polyp/mole changes - Needs FDA approval Picture: Fig.1.11 arrows + signal diagram (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: First criminal use? A) 2015 USA B) 1987 England C) 1970 France D) 2001 Alaska Answer: B

Define: biorem­edi­ation | using biotech, often microbes, to break down pollutants oil-de­grading bacteria | bacteria that break down oil Pseudo­monas | oil-eating bacteria strains in Alaskan soil, named in Fig.1.12 Example: ex. Fig.1.12 Exxon Valdez 1989, Prince William Sound, Alaska, boost oil-eating bacteria already in soil ex. shoreline cleaned nearly 3x faster than chemical cleaners alone ex. Deepwater Horizon 2010, fast microbe breakdown of dispersed oil helped research for future spills Key points: - Scope Ch.9: microbes, plants, engineered organisms, different materi­als­/se­ttings - Pros/cons of each approach - Could breaking down waste also yield energy? Picture: Fig.1.12 workers in suits on oily beach applying nutrients (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: What cleaned Exxon Valdez faster? A) More oil B) Boosting oil-eating bacteria in soil C) Burning beach D) Phosphates Answer: B

Define: aquacu­lture | raising finfis­h/s­hel­lfish controlled for food transgenic salmon | salmon with extra growth­-ho­rmone gene biopro­spe­cting | searching water life for new useful genes/­pro­tei­ns/­pro­cesses Example: ex. trout/­sal­mon­/ca­tfish major US species, _{50% fish eaten worldwide from aquacu­lture, fastest in developing countries ex. diseas­e-r­esi­stant oysters, salmon virus vaccines ex. Fig.1.13 AquaAd­vantage salmon FDA 2015 first GM animal for eating, extra growth hormone, market size in about half time, contro­versial ex. ocean cold/p­res­sur­e/d­ept­h/salt, plankt­on/­snails anti-tumor molecules Key points: - Harsh oceans = new traits - Aquacu­lture scale} 50% worldwide - AquaAd­vantage contro­ver­sial, faster growth, lower time/cost Picture: Fig.1.13 larger GM salmon top, smaller non-GM below (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: AquaAd­vantage 2015? A) First GM plant B) First GM animal for eating C) First burger D) First biopsy Answer: B

Define: medical biotech | findin­g/d­iag­nosing disease, new treatments gene therapy | putting working genes in, swapping faulty genes CRISPR-Cas medical | molecular scissors cuttin­g/r­epl­acing specific DNA stem cells | immature cells becoming nerve/­blo­od/­mus­cle­/almost any cell immuno­therapy | steering immune system, often with gene/stem work, against cancers Example: ex. 325+ million helped by biotech drugs/­vac­cines ex. Fig.1.14 headlines almost weekly ex. Human Genome Project whole-­genome tests: Alzhei­mer­/Pa­rki­nso­n/s­ickle cell/T­ay-­Sac­hs/­cystic fibros­is/­can­cer­/in­fer­tility ex. gene therapy fast, CRISPR trials underway, contro­versial ex. stem cells lab tissue for transp­lants, contro­versial Ch.11/13 Key points: - Ch.11 wider than recomb­inant proteins: testing, sequen­cing, drug develo­pment, gene therapy, immuno­therapy - Stem cells grown in lab, nudged to tissue - CRISPR promising, contro­versial Picture: Fig.1.14 headline collage genome editing, oldest genome, skin cancer gene, cancer genes (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: Stem cells? A) Grown nerve only B) Immature cells becoming many types C) Soil bacteria D) Plant seeds only Answer: B

Define: regulation | government safety­/ef­fec­tiv­eness checks before use NDA | New Drug Applic­ation sensor­-em­bedded drug | drug with swallo­wable sensor + patch sensor tracking use Example: ex. drug-like safety­/ef­fec­tiv­eness, FDA many standards, USDA/EPA often involved, most heavily regulated ex. 2015 sensor Abilify Otsuka­/Pr­oteus, tablet sensor + patch track pill-t­aking, rest, body angle, activity ex. Abilify for schizo­phr­eni­a/b­ipo­lar­/de­pre­ssion, early warnings could prevent episode Key points: - Ch.12: purity­/pe­rfo­rmance, patents, clinical trials in people - FDA, USDA, EPA all involved - System could warn doctors early Picture: FDA/US­DA/EPA checklist, no figure (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: Agencies? A) FDA only B) FDA, USDA, EPA C) NASA only D) None Answer: B

Define: industrial biotech | biotech in manufa­cturing biocat­alyst | enzyme made by microbe speeding a reaction phosphates | detergent chemicals polluting water algal blooms | algae overgrowth from phosphate pollution Example: ex. faster­/ch­eap­er/­cleaner manufa­ctu­ring, enzymes as biocat­alysts ex. 1970s detergent phosphates polluted water, enzyme stain removers instead ex. lower temper­ature cleaning, lower energy, far fewer algal blooms Key points: - Organisms: bacteria, yeasts, fungi, natural or engineered enzymes - Fields: genomics, proteo­mics, bioinf­orm­atics, microbial - Seen as next big area, rivalling medica­l/a­gri­cul­tural Picture: enzyme breaking stain in cold water, no figure (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: Biocat­alyst? A) Phosphate B) Enzyme speeding reaction C) Salmon D) Mosquito Answer: B

Define: big picture | biotech as one connected field, not separate subjects interd­epe­ndence | types depend on each other to solve problems Example: ex. biorem­edi­ation uses microbes to clean enviro­nments ex. medical biotech uses microbes to make recomb­inant proteins ex. every branch is regulated Key points: - Do not treat types as separate, unrelated fields, they overlap heavily - Exam point: how many science areas combine, how types depend on each other - For 21st-c­entury problems, branches work together Picture: web linking microbes to medicine, farming, cleaning, regulation (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: Big picture link? A) Medicine never uses microbes B) Biorem­edi­ation uses microbes, medicine uses microbes for proteins C) Farming unrelated D) Regulation applies to nothing Answer: B

Define: new century | what problems could the new biotec­hnology century solve, medical example life-t­hre­atening diseases | diseases that can kill, e.g. cancers and genetic diseases in Ch.11 Example: ex. What Will the New Biotec­hnology Century Look Like? ex. curing life-t­hre­atening diseases, barriers not impossible ex. better unders­tanding biology, then design­ing­/ad­apting solutions, not just guessing Key points: - Path: understand biology first, then design­/adapt biotech solutions - Not just guessing at future uses - Pages sent stop mid-se­ntence in 1.3, so this covers 1.3 only up to that point Picture: none in part sent (text descri­ption, no photo) Try it: How are big challenges overcome? A) Guessing only B) Better unders­tanding biology, then design­ing­/ad­apting solutions C) Ignoring regulation D) Stopping research Answer: B