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2024 Tahsili Physics: States of Matter
Thermal Energy
Thermal Energy |
total energy of molecules in a substance |
thermal energy is proportional to the no. of molecules |
Total Energy |
the sum of the potential and kinetic energies |
Temperature |
the average kinetic energy of molecules in matter |
Thermal equilibrium |
a state in which two substances have the same temperature |
Transmission of Thermal Energy |
conduction - convection - radiation |
Calorimeter |
an object used to measure the heat of chemical and physcial reactions |
Intermolecular Forces in Fluids
Intermolecular Forces |
Forces between molecules |
Cohesive Force |
Attractive forces between molecules of the same type, such as surface tension |
Surface Tension |
the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist external forces |
Adhesive Forces |
Forces of attraction between a liquid and a solid, such as capillarity |
Applications of Capillarity |
clothes absorbing water, and water moving up stems to leaves |
Pascale's Principle |
states that, in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure change in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container. |
Application of Pascale's Principle |
Hydraulic Lift |
thermocouple |
a sensor that detects temp |
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Specific Heat
Specific Heat |
The amount of heat energy required to raise one kg of matter by 1 degree C |
Transferred Heat Energy Formula |
Q = mcΔT (c is the specific heat) |
latent heat of fusion |
the amount of heat energy required to melt 1 kg of a substance |
latent heat of fusion formula |
Q = mHf (Hf = heat of fusion) |
Latent Heat Of Vaporization |
the amount of heat energy required to evaporate 1 kg of a substance |
Latent Heat Of Vaporization Formula |
Q = mHv (Hv = heat of vaporization) |
Buoyant Force and Liquid Pressure
Fluid's Pressure |
P = ρgh (ρ = density, g = 9.8, h = height) |
Archimedes' principle |
states that a body immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upward force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid |
Buoyant Force |
the force acting on an object opposite to gravity by a fluid in which it is submerged, opposing the weight |
Buoyant Force Formula |
F = ρ(fluid)Vg |
applications of the buoyant force |
ships, submarines |
Viscosity |
a measure of an object's resistance to flow |
Bernoulli's principle |
states that in horizontal fluids, the higher the velocity, the lower the pressure |
applications of bernoulli's principle |
spry paint, perfume atomizer |
Solid Expansion |
a change in the length, width, or height of a solid |
same depth = same pressure |
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Thermodynamics
The First Law Of Thermodynamics |
E = Q - W |
The Second law Of Thermodynamics |
the law of entropy |
Entropy |
The measure of a system's useless thermal energy, or disorder |
Entropy Formula |
ΔS = Q/T |
Heat Engine |
a device that converts thermal energy into work |
Efficiency of a Heat Engine |
Eff = W/Qh or Eff = ( Qh - Qc / Qh ) |
Heat engine energy relations |
Qh = W + Qc |
Density |
density = m/V |
Pressure |
P = F/A |
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