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2024 Tahsili Chemistry: Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids and Bases
Arrhenius theory |
acids are substances that contains hydrogen and dissociates to produce H+, and a base is any substance that cointains hydroxide and dissociates to produce OH- |
disadvantage of arrhenius theory |
not all bases contain OH, but can produce it when dissolved in water |
Ex: NH3 - NaCO3 |
Bronsted-Lowry Theory |
Acids are H+ donors, bases are H+ acceptors |
Conjugate Pairs |
acids that donate H+ and become bases are called conjugate bases, while bases that accept H+ and become acids are called conjugate acids |
acids and bases are both electrolytes |
water can act as an acid and base, so it is amphoteric |
PH and POH
PH = -log[H+] |
POH = -log[OH-] |
PH + POH = 14 |
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Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids
Monoprotic Acid |
can only donate one H+ ion |
Polyprotic Acid |
can donate multiple H+ ions |
Lewis Theory |
acids are an electron pair acceptor, bases are an electron pair donor |
Lewis Acids |
BF3, BCl3, H+, Ag+ |
Lewis Bases |
F_, PCl3, NH3, Cl_ |
Acidic Anhydrides |
nonmetal oxides that react with water to produce an acid |
Ex: CO2 |
Basic Anhydrides |
metal oxides that react with water to form a base |
Ex: CaO |
water dissociation constant (kw) |
[H+] x [OH_] = 10-14 |
Neutralization and Titration
Neutralization Reaction |
acid + base = water + salt |
Titration |
a method of finding an unknown acid or base's concentration by using a known one (standard solution) |
Equivalence Point |
Moles H+ = Moles OH- |
acid-base indicators |
substances that change color in acidic or basic solutions (bromothymol, phenolphthalein) |
Hydrolysis of salt |
a reaction in which one of the salt's ions reacts with water to produce an acidic or basic solution |
Buffer Solution |
a solution that resists a change in its PH |
Buffer capacity |
the amount of acid or base that can be added without a significant change in PH |
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