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2024 Tahsili Chemistry: Mixtures and Solutions
Solutions
solution |
a homogeneous mixture of substances |
alloys |
a homogeneous mixture of metals with metals, or metals with nonmetals |
Solution Concentration |
the amount of solute in a specific amount of solvent |
Solution Concentration formulas |
M of solute / M of solution or V of solute / V of solution |
Molarity |
mol of solute / L of solution |
Dilution formula |
M1V1 = M2V2 |
Molality |
mol of solute / Kg of solvent |
Mixtures
mixture |
two or more substances are mixed together and keep their properties |
types of mixtures |
homogeneous (smooth, indistinguishable) and heterogeneous (mixed) |
types of heterogeneous mixtures |
suspensions and colloids |
separation of mixtures |
distillation (homogeneous) - filtration (heterogeneous) - crystillization - chromatography - sublimation |
Brownian Motion |
the random motion of particles suspended in fluids (prevents precipitation) |
Tyndall Effect |
the scattering of light by a medium containing small suspended particles |
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Dissolving
Dissolving |
the process in which solute molecules are surrounded by solvent particles |
Heat of Dissolving |
the change in energy due to solution formation |
Factors affecting the rate of dissolving |
increase in temp - stirring - increase of solute surface area (powdering) |
solubility of a gas in a liquid increases when temp decreases |
Henry's Law |
S1P2 = S2P1 (S = solubility , P = pressure) |
Colligative Properties of solution (depend on solute to solution ratio) |
vapor pressure lowering - osmotic pressure - boiling point elevation - freezing point depression |
vapor pressure lowering |
the pressure of a vapor decreases with an increase in the no. of moles |
boiling point elevation |
ΔT = k(b) x m (ΔT = b.p elevation, k(b) = elevation constant, m = molality |
a liquid boils when its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. K(b) changes with the solvent |
freezing point depression |
ΔT = k(f) x m (ΔT = f.p depression, k(f) = depression constant, m = molality |
osmotic pressure |
the additional pressure caused by the movement of water to areas of Conc. Solution |
osmosis |
the movement of solvent through semipermeable memebranes to areas of lower concentration |
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