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Tahsili Bio (Vertebrates) Cheat Sheet by

2024 Tahsili Bio: Vertebrates

Amphibian Charac­ter­istics

no of legs
4 (2 pairs)
skin type
thin and moist
Temp. Regulation
ectoth­ermic (body temp depends on external sources such as sunlight)
Heart chambers
3 ( 2 atria, 1 ventricle )

Amphibian Systems

Excretion
kidneys; ammonia and urea are formed in the liver
Cloaca
a chamber that collects fecal matter, urine, and gametes
Respir­ation (larvae)
gills
Respir­ation (adults)
skin
Nervous system
Complex
Nictit­ating membrane
a membrane that is drawn over the eye to prevents dryness or when swimming
Reprod­uction
sexual, and external fertil­ization

Amphibian Classi­fic­ation

Anura
no tail, live close to water (frogs and toads)
Caudata
have long bodies, a neck, and a tail (salam­anders and newts)
Gymnop­hiona
limbless worm like organisms (caecilia)
difference between frogs and toads
toads are poisionous

Bird Classi­fic­ation

number of groups
27
Passer­iformes
3 forward toes, 1 backward
crows and quails
spheni­sci­formes
paddle like wings for swimming
penguins
struth­ion­iforms
flightless with small wings
ostritch and emu
Anseri­formes
webbed feet
ducks and geese

Vertebrate Charac­ter­istics

Vertebral Coloumn
replaces the notochord, and protects the spinal cord. Is flexible and strong
Neural Crest
a group of temporary cells that arise in embryo­logical develo­pment, and give rise to important cell types

Bird Beak Types

Daggerlike
snowy eagrets
Needlelike
hummin­gbirds
Curved
falcon
Pouchlike
pelican

Birds

Temp regulation
endotherms
teeth
absent
heart chambers
4
respir­ation
Air sacs

Bird Systems

Digestive system
esophagus - crop - stomach - gizzard - intestines
Flight Adapta­tions
feathers - no bladder - high temp - light skeleton - large chest muscles
Feathers
made of keratin
Contour feathers
used for flight
Down feathers
provide insulation
Reprod­uction
sexual, internal; they incubate their eggs for optimal conditions

Tradit­ional Mammal Classes

Cetacea
dolphins, whales
periss­oda­ctyla
(odd numbered toes) zebras, horses
Aritod­actyla
(even number of toes) cows, gazelles
Chiroptera
(flying mammals) Bats
Sirenia
(slow moving) eared seals, duogongs
Xenartha
armadi­llos, sloths
Lagomorpha
rabbits
 

Reptile Charac­ter­istics

Skin Type
dry scaly skin
Respir­ation
Lungs
Heart Chambers
typically 3, crocodile has 4
Temp regulation
ectoth­ermic

Reptile Systems

Excretion
kidneys; filtrate then collects in the cloaca, and is released as uric acid
Smell
snakes extend their tongue to smell
Jacobson's Organ
a sac-like structure in the roof of the mouth that allows snakes to detect odor
Hearing
tympanic membrane - jawbones detect vibrations
Reprod­uction
sexual and internal;
egg type
amniotic eggs
snakes and lizards allow eggs to develop within their bodies before laying them

Mammal Charac­ter­istics

Hair
made of keratin
Mammary Glands
produce Milk
Metabolic Rate
high, to maintain constant body temp
Digestion
teeth and a specia­lized digestive system
Respir­ation
Lungs - Diaphragm (membrane under lungs)
Heart Chambers
4
Body temp
endoth­ermic
overcome increase in temp by
sweating - panting
Reprod­uction
internal, occurs in uterus that also encloses the placenta
Brain
highly complex; Cerebral cortex is the most complex part, and the larger the organism, the larger the cerebral cortex

Reptile Clssif­ication

Squamata
lizards - snakes
Crocodilia
alligators and crocodiles
testud­inata
turtles and tortoises (have a carapace)
Spheno­dontia
tuataras

Mammals Classi­fic­ation (Based On Reprod­uction)

Monotremes
egg laying mammals
platypus, echnidas
Marsupials
have a nipple covering pouch
kangaroos, koalas, opossum, wallabies
Placentals
Give birth, have a placenta
humans, monkeys, whales, bats

Mammals Classi­fic­ation (Based On Nutrition)

insect­ivores
eat insects
moles, hedgehogs, shrews
Carnivores
meat eaters
lions, wolves
herbivores
ruminants (have a rumen that breaks down cellulose) - Livestock
nonrum­inants (cellulose is broken down in the cecum) - Rabits
Omnivores
eat plants and animals
bears

Fish Body Systems

Respir­ation
occurs in gills
Circul­atory System
closed system
Heart chambers
2
Swim bladder / Gas Bladder
an internal organ filled with gas that allows most bony fish to swim at different depths
Feeding
Filter feeders - predators - scavengers (feed off corpses)
Nervous System
similar to other verteb­rates
Lateral Line organ
a sensory organ that allows fish to detect changes in the water
Reprod­uction
Spawning - internal fertil­ization
Spawning
when gametes are released in the water (external)
Classi­fic­ation
bony fish (tuna) - cartil­aginous fish (Sharks) - jawless fish (parasitic lamprey)

Fish Scales

Ctenoid
bass
Cycloid
salmon & sardines
Ganoid
Gar
Placoid
Sharks

Fish Charac­ter­istics

vertebral coloumn
present
Jaws
present, and are used for predation and protection
Fins
allow fish to swim
scales
come in 4 types
 

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