Amphibian Characteristics
no of legs |
4 (2 pairs) |
skin type |
thin and moist |
Temp. Regulation |
ectothermic (body temp depends on external sources such as sunlight) |
Heart chambers |
3 ( 2 atria, 1 ventricle ) |
Amphibian Systems
Excretion |
kidneys; ammonia and urea are formed in the liver |
Cloaca |
a chamber that collects fecal matter, urine, and gametes |
Respiration (larvae) |
gills |
Respiration (adults) |
skin |
Nervous system |
Complex |
Nictitating membrane |
a membrane that is drawn over the eye to prevents dryness or when swimming |
Reproduction |
sexual, and external fertilization |
Amphibian Classification
Anura |
no tail, live close to water (frogs and toads) |
Caudata |
have long bodies, a neck, and a tail (salamanders and newts) |
Gymnophiona |
limbless worm like organisms (caecilia) |
difference between frogs and toads |
toads are poisionous |
Bird Classification
number of groups |
27 |
Passeriformes |
3 forward toes, 1 backward |
crows and quails |
sphenisciformes |
paddle like wings for swimming |
penguins |
struthioniforms |
flightless with small wings |
ostritch and emu |
Anseriformes |
webbed feet |
ducks and geese |
Vertebrate Characteristics
Vertebral Coloumn |
replaces the notochord, and protects the spinal cord. Is flexible and strong |
Neural Crest |
a group of temporary cells that arise in embryological development, and give rise to important cell types |
Bird Beak Types
Daggerlike |
snowy eagrets |
Needlelike |
hummingbirds |
Curved |
falcon |
Pouchlike |
pelican |
Birds
Temp regulation |
endotherms |
teeth |
absent |
heart chambers |
4 |
respiration |
Air sacs |
Bird Systems
Digestive system |
esophagus - crop - stomach - gizzard - intestines |
Flight Adaptations |
feathers - no bladder - high temp - light skeleton - large chest muscles |
Feathers |
made of keratin |
Contour feathers |
used for flight |
Down feathers |
provide insulation |
Reproduction |
sexual, internal; they incubate their eggs for optimal conditions |
Traditional Mammal Classes
Cetacea |
dolphins, whales |
perissodactyla |
(odd numbered toes) zebras, horses |
Aritodactyla |
(even number of toes) cows, gazelles |
Chiroptera |
(flying mammals) Bats |
Sirenia |
(slow moving) eared seals, duogongs |
Xenartha |
armadillos, sloths |
Lagomorpha |
rabbits |
|
|
Reptile Characteristics
Skin Type |
dry scaly skin |
Respiration |
Lungs |
Heart Chambers |
typically 3, crocodile has 4 |
Temp regulation |
ectothermic |
Reptile Systems
Excretion |
kidneys; filtrate then collects in the cloaca, and is released as uric acid |
Smell |
snakes extend their tongue to smell |
Jacobson's Organ |
a sac-like structure in the roof of the mouth that allows snakes to detect odor |
Hearing |
tympanic membrane - jawbones detect vibrations |
Reproduction |
sexual and internal; |
egg type |
amniotic eggs |
snakes and lizards allow eggs to develop within their bodies before laying them |
Mammal Characteristics
Hair |
made of keratin |
Mammary Glands |
produce Milk |
Metabolic Rate |
high, to maintain constant body temp |
Digestion |
teeth and a specialized digestive system |
Respiration |
Lungs - Diaphragm (membrane under lungs) |
Heart Chambers |
4 |
Body temp |
endothermic |
overcome increase in temp by |
sweating - panting |
Reproduction |
internal, occurs in uterus that also encloses the placenta |
Brain |
highly complex; Cerebral cortex is the most complex part, and the larger the organism, the larger the cerebral cortex |
Reptile Clssification
Squamata |
lizards - snakes |
Crocodilia |
alligators and crocodiles |
testudinata |
turtles and tortoises (have a carapace) |
Sphenodontia |
tuataras |
Mammals Classification (Based On Reproduction)
Monotremes |
egg laying mammals |
platypus, echnidas |
Marsupials |
have a nipple covering pouch |
kangaroos, koalas, opossum, wallabies |
Placentals |
Give birth, have a placenta |
humans, monkeys, whales, bats |
Mammals Classification (Based On Nutrition)
insectivores |
eat insects |
moles, hedgehogs, shrews |
Carnivores |
meat eaters |
lions, wolves |
herbivores |
ruminants (have a rumen that breaks down cellulose) - Livestock |
nonruminants (cellulose is broken down in the cecum) - Rabits |
Omnivores |
eat plants and animals |
bears |
Fish Body Systems
Respiration |
occurs in gills |
Circulatory System |
closed system |
Heart chambers |
2 |
Swim bladder / Gas Bladder |
an internal organ filled with gas that allows most bony fish to swim at different depths |
Feeding |
Filter feeders - predators - scavengers (feed off corpses) |
Nervous System |
similar to other vertebrates |
Lateral Line organ |
a sensory organ that allows fish to detect changes in the water |
Reproduction |
Spawning - internal fertilization |
Spawning |
when gametes are released in the water (external) |
Classification |
bony fish (tuna) - cartilaginous fish (Sharks) - jawless fish (parasitic lamprey) |
Fish Scales
Ctenoid |
bass |
Cycloid |
salmon & sardines |
Ganoid |
Gar |
Placoid |
Sharks |
Fish Characteristics
vertebral coloumn |
present |
Jaws |
present, and are used for predation and protection |
Fins |
allow fish to swim |
scales |
come in 4 types |
|
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