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% Document Info
\author{TheGoldenClover}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (tahsili-bio-vertebrates.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (TheGoldenClover)
  /Subject (Tahsili Bio (Vertebrates) Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Tahsili Bio (Vertebrates) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{TheGoldenClover} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/201551/cs/42745/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}TheGoldenClover \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/thegoldenclover} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 16th March, 2024.\\
   Updated 16th March, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
\raggedright
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% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Amphibian Characteristics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
no of legs & 4 (2 pairs) \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
skin type & thin and moist \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Temp. Regulation & ectothermic (body temp depends on external sources such as sunlight) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Heart chambers & 3 ( 2 atria, 1 ventricle ) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.64 cm} x{5.36 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Amphibian Systems}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Excretion & kidneys; ammonia and urea are formed in the liver \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Cloaca & a chamber that collects fecal matter, urine, and gametes \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Respiration (larvae) & gills \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Respiration (adults) & skin \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nervous system & Complex \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Nictitating membrane & a membrane that is drawn over the eye to prevents dryness or when swimming \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Reproduction & sexual, and external fertilization \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Amphibian Classification}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Anura & no tail, live close to water (frogs and toads) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Caudata & have long bodies, a neck, and a tail (salamanders and newts) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gymnophiona & limbless worm like organisms (caecilia) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
difference between frogs and toads & toads are poisionous \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.976 cm} x{3.648 cm} x{1.976 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bird Classification}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
number of groups & 27 &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Passeriformes} & 3 forward toes, 1 backward & crows and quails \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{sphenisciformes} & paddle like wings for swimming & penguins \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{struthioniforms} & flightless with small wings & ostritch and emu \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Anseriformes} & webbed feet & ducks and geese \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vertebrate Characteristics}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Vertebral Coloumn & replaces the notochord, and protects the spinal cord. Is flexible and strong \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Neural Crest & a group of temporary cells that arise in embryological development, and give rise to important cell types \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
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% Row 0
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Daggerlike & snowy eagrets \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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Needlelike & hummingbirds \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Curved & falcon \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Pouchlike & pelican \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.8 cm} x{3.2 cm} }
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% Row 0
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Temp regulation & endotherms \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
teeth & absent \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
heart chambers & 4 \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
respiration & Air sacs \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bird Systems}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Digestive system & esophagus - crop - stomach - gizzard - intestines \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Flight Adaptations & feathers - no bladder - high temp - light skeleton - large chest muscles \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Feathers & made of keratin \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Contour feathers & used for flight \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Down feathers & provide insulation \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Reproduction} & sexual, internal; they incubate their eggs for optimal conditions \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.24 cm} x{5.76 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Traditional Mammal Classes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cetacea & dolphins, whales \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{perissodactyla} & (odd numbered toes) zebras, horses \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Aritodactyla} & (even number of toes) cows, gazelles \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Chiroptera & (flying mammals) Bats \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sirenia & (slow moving) eared seals, duogongs \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Xenartha & armadillos, sloths \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lagomorpha & rabbits \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reptile Characteristics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Skin Type & dry scaly skin \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Respiration & Lungs \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Heart Chambers & typically 3, crocodile has 4 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Temp regulation & ectothermic \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reptile Systems}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Excretion & kidneys; filtrate then collects in the cloaca, and is released as {\bf{uric acid}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Smell & snakes extend their tongue to smell \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Jacobson's Organ & a sac-like structure in the roof of the mouth that allows snakes to detect odor \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Hearing & tympanic membrane - jawbones detect vibrations \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Reproduction} & sexual and internal; \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
egg type & amniotic eggs \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{snakes and lizards allow eggs to develop within their bodies before laying them}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mammal Characteristics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hair & made of keratin \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Mammary Glands & produce Milk \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Metabolic Rate & high, to maintain constant body temp \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Digestion & teeth and a specialized digestive system \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Respiration & Lungs - Diaphragm (membrane under lungs) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Heart Chambers & 4 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Body temp & endothermic \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
overcome increase in temp by & sweating - panting \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Reproduction & internal, occurs in uterus that also encloses the placenta \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Brain & highly complex; Cerebral cortex is the most complex part, and the larger the organism, the larger the cerebral cortex \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.92 cm} x{6.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reptile Clssification}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Squamata & lizards - snakes \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Crocodilia} & alligators and crocodiles \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{testudinata} & turtles and tortoises (have a carapace) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Sphenodontia} & tuataras \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{0.988 cm} x{2.812 cm} x{3.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mammals Classification (Based On Reproduction)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Monotremes} & egg laying mammals & platypus, echnidas \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Marsupials} & have a nipple covering pouch & kangaroos, koalas, opossum, wallabies \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Placentals} & Give birth, have a placenta & humans, monkeys, whales, bats \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{0.988 cm} x{3.344 cm} x{3.268 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mammals Classification (Based On Nutrition)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{insectivores} & eat insects & moles, hedgehogs, shrews \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Carnivores} & meat eaters & lions, wolves \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{herbivores} & ruminants (have a rumen that breaks down cellulose) - Livestock & nonruminants (cellulose is broken down in the cecum) - Rabits \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Omnivores} & eat plants and animals & bears \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fish Body Systems}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Respiration & occurs in gills \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Circulatory System & closed system \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Heart chambers & 2 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Swim bladder / Gas Bladder & an internal organ filled with gas that allows most bony fish to swim at different depths \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Feeding & Filter feeders - predators - scavengers (feed off corpses) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Nervous System & similar to other vertebrates \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lateral Line organ & a sensory organ that allows fish to detect changes in the water \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Reproduction & Spawning - internal fertilization \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Spawning & when gametes are released in the water (external) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Classification & bony fish (tuna) - cartilaginous fish (Sharks) - jawless fish (parasitic lamprey) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fish Scales}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ctenoid & bass \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Cycloid & salmon \& sardines \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ganoid & Gar \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Placoid & Sharks \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fish Characteristics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
vertebral coloumn & present \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Jaws & present, and are used for predation and protection \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fins & allow fish to swim \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
scales & come in 4 types \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}