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Chapter 12: Adaptive Immunity Cheat Sheet by

study guide for MCB2010C

Intera­ction with Innate Immunity

Adaptive immune responses closely interact with innate immune responses.
Host is considered immune compro­mised if any part of the innate or adaptive system is impaired.
Adaptive responses come into action when innate defenses fail.

Four Main Stages of Adaptive Immune Responses

Antigen Presen­tation: Involves antige­n-p­res­enting cells (APCs) showing antigens to T cells.
Lymphocyte Activation: Lympho­cytes are activated by cytokines
Lymphocyte Prolif­eration and Differ­ent­iation: Leads to effector cells and memory cells.
Antigen Elimin­ation and Memory: Cellular and humoral responses collab­orate to eliminate the antigen.

T Cell Differ­ent­iation

T cells can be classified into T cytotoxic cells (TC cells) and T helper cells (TH cells)
T helper cells, especially CD4+ T cells, release cytokines and activate other immune cells.
T helper cells can further differ­entiate into subclasses like TH1, TH2, and Treg cells

MHC I and MHC II in Antigen Presen­tation

MHC I presents intrac­ellular antigens on most body cells.
MHC II, exclusive to APCs, presents extrac­ellular antigens to T cells
MHC matching is crucial for tissue transp­lan­tation (allor­eco­gni­tion).

Active vs. Passive Immunity

Active immunity involves memory cell and antibody formation, obtained through infection or vaccines.
Passive immunity entails receiving antibodies without memory cell involv­ement, providing temporary protec­tion.
Naturally acquired active and artifi­cially acquired active immunity confer long-l­asting protec­tion, while naturally acquired passive immunity provides only temporary protec­tion.
 

Charac­ter­istics of Adaptive Immune Responses

Take longer to mount (days to weeks) compared to innate responses.
Specific to a particular antigen and exhibit immuno­logical memory.
Secondary exposure to the same antigen results in a rapid and effective response.

Production and Function of B and T Cells

B and T cells recognize a wide range of antigens
T cells originate in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, and play roles in both cellular and humoral branches.
B cells coordinate the humoral response by producing antibodies
Mature B and T cells mainly reside in lymphoid tissues.

T Cytotoxic Cells

CD8+ T cytotoxic cells directly destroy infected or cancerous cells.
Roles in antigen elimin­ation involve interf­erons, MHC I production enhanc­ement, and inducing apoptosis in target cells.

Antibodies in Antigen Elimin­ation

Plasma cells secrete antibodies (immun­ogl­obu­lins) that neutralize antigens, activate complement cascades, and promote phagoc­ytosis.
Different antibody isotypes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) have specia­lized functions

MHC Matching in Transp­lan­tation

Critical for avoiding tissue rejection in transp­lan­tation.
Allore­cog­nition is the process by which lympho­cytes distin­guish self from foreign MHCs.
Transplant waiting lists exist due to the difficulty of finding an adequate MHC match.

MHC Matching in Transp­lan­tation

Critical for avoiding tissue rejection in transp­lan­tation.
Allore­cog­nition is the process by which lympho­cytes distin­guish self from foreign MHCs.
Transplant waiting lists exist due to the difficulty of finding an adequate MHC match.
 

Branches of Adaptive Immune System

Cellular response (T cell-m­ediated immunity).
Humoral response (antib­ody­-me­diated immunity).
Both aim to eliminate identified antigens and form memory for faster future responses.

Antigens and Immuno­gen­icity

Antigens trigger immune responses and can be proteins, polysa­cch­arides, or molecules in various organisms.
Immuno­gen­icity depends on antigen size, molecular comple­xity, and chemical compos­ition

Stages of Cellular/ Humoral Immune Responses

Both branches progress through four stages: antigen presen­tation, lymphocyte activa­tion, lymphocyte prolif­eration and differ­ent­iation, antigen elimin­ation, and memory.

Memory Cells in Immune Response

Effector cells die off, while memory cells provide long-l­asting immuno­logical memory.
Enable rapid reacti­vation of the adaptive response upon encoun­tering the same antigen.
Secondary immune response involves quick generation of high-a­ffinity IgG antibodies
 

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