Show Menu
Cheatography

Biology:Blood Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Circulation and Blood

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

What's Blood Made of

Plasma (Liquid)
55%
White Blood Cells & Platelets
Less than 1%
Red Blood Cells
45%
Plasma Portion
91% Water
 
Maintains blood volume
 
Transports molecules
7% Proteins
 
Clotting proteins
 
Albumin
 
Immuno­glo­bulins (Antib­odies)
2% Things carried around body
 
Salts
 
Gases (02, CO2)
 
Nutrients
 
Wastes
 
Hormones
 
Vitamins and Minerals
Blood is 95% Formed Elemen­ts(­Solid)
The solid portion of blood is
Red Blood Cells
Erythr­ocy­tes­/Co­rpu­scles
White Blood Cells
Leukocytes
Platelets
Thromb­ocytes

Antigens, Antibodies & Blood type

Antigen
Identi­fic­ation protein on a RBC
Glycop­rotein on RBC membrane
There are two kinds of antigens on humans RBC's: A and or B
Therefore, there are 4 possible blood types:
Antigen A --->
Type A blood
Antigen B --->
Type B blood
Antigen A & B --->
Type AB blood
No Antigens --->
Type O blood
AntiBody
A protein designed to combat any foreign protein
Made by WBC cells in the body
 
Will bind to foreign proteins with foreign antigens
 
This causes agglat­ination (Clumping)
 
WBC's will then destroy the agglut­inated cells
Foreign Antigen + Your antibodies attack --->
AGGLUT­INI­ZATION
Opposite to the antigens we have on our RBC's
(So we wont attack our own blood)
Because of that
Blood transf­usions are tricky.Fo­reign antigens lead to death
Blood Type
Blood Donor
A
A & A = Yes A & B = Clumps A & AB = Clumps A & O = Yes
B
B & A = Clumps B & B = Yes B & AB = Clumps B & O = Yes
C
AB & A = Yes AB & B = Yes AB & AB = Yes AB & O = Yes
O
O Clumps with everything except O & O = Yes

Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries
Arterioles
Capill­aries
Venules
Veins

Capillary Fluid Exchange (Arteriole & Venule Side)

CFE(Ar­teriole Side)
Blood pressure = 40mmHg
Osmotic pressure = 25 mmHg
Net blood pressure (15mm Hg) forces water out of the blood into the inters­titial fluid
Water carries with it the CO2 and metabolic wastes
Because there is more O2 and nutrients in inters­titial fluid it
The large things (Ie:RBC, WBC, platelets, blood proteins) stay in the capillary because they are too big to leave
Because most of the water has left, the blood becomes very hypero­smotic (Conce­ntr­ated)
The venule side of the capillary is therefore under great osmotic pressure to draw water back into the blood
CFE(Venule Side)
Osmotic pressure = 25 mmHg
blood pressure = 10 mmHg
Blood very concen­trated (little water)
Net osmotic pressure forces water back into the blood
Water carries with is CO2 and metabolic wastes (urea)
These are carried to the kidneys and other excretory organs to be removed

Aorta & Coronary Arteries and Veins

Aorta
 
Biggest artery
 
Carries O2 rich blood from left ventricle to body systems
 
Loops over top of heart creating aortic arch
 
Goes down inside the backbone = Dorsal Aorta
 
Smaller arteries branch off to "­fee­d" the body cells
Coronary Arteries and Veins
 
Very first branch off the aortic arch
 
Smaller arteries branch off to feed the body cells
Carotid Arteries
 
Branch off the aortic arch to take the blood to the head
Supply blood to brain = highly specia­lized
 
1)Chem­ore­cep­tores detect oxygen content
 
2)Pressure receptors detect changes in blood pressure
Reasonably close to the surface, pulse can be found in neck

Jugular Veins & Subclavien Arteri­es/­Veins

Jugular Veins
Take blood out of head region to the anterior vena cava
These veins do not contain any valves
Blood flows down them because of gravity only
Subclavien arteries Veins
Arteries branch off of aorta and travel under the clavicle
Branch off to feed chest wall/arms (Via brachial arteries)
Note for later :Lymphatic ducts join circul­atory system right before the subclavian veins meet up with the anterior vena cava
 

Red Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells
Facts about RBC
 
No Nuclei
 
Transport CO2 and O2 (Acts like a Butter)
 
Bioconcave discs look like donuts without complete holes!
 
Live for - 120 days (4 months)
 
Dark purple to bright red
 
Contains: hemogloben molecules, carbonic anhydrase, and antigens
 
THere are - 800 million oxygen molecules in each RBC
 
Made in the red bone marrow
Transports
 
Transports oxygen as oxyhem­oglobin (Bright Red)
 
Hb + O2 ---> HbO2
 
Transports carbon dioxide as carbox­hem­oglobin
 
Hb + CO2 ---> HbCO2
 
Transports hydrogen ions as reduced hemoglobin (thus acting as a buffer)
 
Hb + H+ ---> HHb

Erythr­obl­astosis

Erythr­obl­astosis
Rh factor is another antigen that may be present on the RBC
Presence of this antigen plays a role in childbirth
If you are Rh+ you have the antigen you don't have the D antibodies
(85% of Caucasions are Rh+)
You don't normally have the "­D" antibodies but can make them if you are exposed to Rh antigens
Why Else is this Important
If an Rh- mother can have an Rh+ baby, compli­cation can occure with a second pregnancy
Normally, the mother/ fetal blood does not mic or cross the placents.
How Can this be prevented
 
When first Rh+ baby born, doctors can destroy the Rh+ blood cells (in mothers plasma) before mother has time to make Rh Antibodies
 
Rh immune globulin injection (RhoGAM) does this

Blood Vessels

Arteries
Function
 
Transport blood away from heart
Structure
 
Thick, elastic walls
Location
 
Usually deep, along bones
 
This protects them from injury and temper­ature loss
Notes
 
Walls can expand
 
Arteries have very high blood pressure
 
Expansion is the "­Pul­se" we feel
Arterioles
Function
 
Control blood flow to capilaries
Structure
 
Smaller in diameter than arteries, thinner walls
 
Have pre capillary sphincters
Notes
 
Blood Pressure > Osmotic Pressure
 
Regulate blood pressure with pre-ca­pillary sphincter muscles (Can dilate or constrict to increase or decrease blood flow to a particular capillary)
Capill­aries
Function
 
Connect arteries to veins
 
Site capill­ary­-fluid exchange
Structures
 
Very thin walls
Location
 
Found everywhere within a few cells of each other
Venules
Function
 
Drain blood from capill­aries
Structure
 
Thinner walls than veins
Location
 
Often near the surface
Notes
 
Join to form veins
 
Osmotic pressure greater than the blood pressure
 
The end result is no change in blood volume (No volume lost in exchange)
Veins
Function
 
Transport blood towards the heart
Structure
 
Inelastic walls, contain one-way valves
Location
 
Often near the surface
Notes
 
Blood pressure & velocity is much lower than in arteries
 
Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards
 
Surrounded by skeletal muscle, "­Squ­eez­es" blood along
How does it all fit together
Arteries
 
Carry blood away from the heart
 
Elastic
Cappil­laries
 
Very thin tubes
 
Connect arteries to veins
 
Can close down or open up to regulate blood flow
 
Gas exchange
Veins
 
Bring blood towards the heart
 
Have valves to stop blood from moving backwards

Mesenteric arteries & Hepatic Portal Vein

Mesenteric Arteries
Branch off from the dorsal aorta
Go to the intestines
Branch into capill­aries of the intestinal villi
Pick up the newly digested nutreints (glucose, amino acids, and nucleo­tides)
Hepatic Portal Vein
Hepatic = Liver; Portal = capillary bed on either end
This vein transports blood rich in nuctrients directly from the intestines to the liver
Signif­icant functions related to the circul­atory system
Regulation of Blood [Glucose]
Destroys old RBC's
Detoxi­fic­ation of blood
 

White Blood Cells (WBC) & Platelets

WBC
Make histamines antibodies and hunter killer cels
Antibodies attach to foreign invaders & the hunter killer cells destroy them
Fight infection
WBC's can squeeze out of blood vesells to attack invaders
Strangely shaped nuclei
Made of red bone marrow
Platelets
150,00­0-3­00,000 / mm3 blood
Fragments of cell no nuclei
Humans produce 200 billion a day
Made in bone marrow
Aid in blood clotting
recognize micro tears in blood vessels & bined together to form a blood clot
Steps
A Vessel and Platelets become Damaged some way
Step 1
Platelets release a protein called thromb­ogl­astie
Step 2
Thromb­opl­astin changes prothr­ombin (a blood protein produced by the liver) into thrombin (requires calcium)
Step 3
Thrombin changes fibrinogen into fibrin (insol­uble)
Step 4

Circul­atory system two parts

Systemic Circul­ation
 
System of blood vessels that delivers exygenated blood to body systems
Pulmonary Circul­ation
 
System of blood vessels that delivers deoxyg­enated blood to the lungs to be replen­ished with oxygen
The systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxyg­enated blood

Hepatic Veins, Renal & Iliac Arteri­es/­Veins

Hepatic Veins
 
Carries the blood from liver to posterior vena cava
Renal Arteri­es/­Veins
 
Renal arteries branch off dorsal aorta and bring blood to kidneys
 
Renal veins take blood from kidneys to posterior vena cava
Iliac Arteri­es/­Veins
 
Dorsal aorta branches into two iliac arteries in the pelvic area
 
One iliac artery goes down each leg
 
Femoral artery branches off iliac artery to large quadricep muscle
 
Iliac veins return blood to posterior
Pulmonary Arteri­es/­Veins
 
de02 blood collected from the body is pumped into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle
 
Pulmonary artery brings de02 blood to lungs
 
blood picks up O2 in the alveoli of lungs
 
Pulmonary vein takes high O2 blood back to heart

Fetal Circul­ation

A fetus does not use its lungs
The fetus receives its O2 blood from the Placenta, not its lungs
To do this, ther are four features in the fetus not presents in the adult
Foramen Ovale
This is an opening between the left and right atria
It is covered by a flup that acts as a valve
It allows the blood to bypass the lungs
it reroutes most of the blood from the right atrium into the left atrium
Ductus Arteriosus (Arterial Duct)
This is small arterial connec­tion, like a shunt
Between the pulmon­ary­artery and the aonta
It further allows blood to bypass the lungs
Umbilical Cord
Has three blood vessels traveling through it
The largest one is the umbilical vein which transports blood with oxygen and nutrients into the fetus
The other two are the umbilical arteries which branch off of the iliac arteries in the fetus and take spent (wastes and CO2) blood back into the mother via the placenta
Ductus Venosus (Venous Duct)
The blood vessel connects to the vena cava
The O2 blood from the umbilical vein mixes with deO2 blood in the vena cava
The ductus veaosus bypasses the l8iver and this blood is sent directly to the heart
Blood will go to the liver eventually but not until it has reached the hepatic portal vein
This is why the fetus is so suscep­tible to toxins in blood
Changes at Birth
The First Breath
The lungs are filled with air instead of fluid and higher oxygen levels of the blood and alveoli results in an increase in pulmonary blood flow
Anatomical Changes
The placenta is removed from circul­ation
 
The foramen ovale, ductus venosus, and ductus arteriosus close

Lymphatic System

Functions
 
Take up excessive tissue fluids
 
Transport fatty acids and glycerol (From intestines to subclavian vein)
 
Fight infection (Lymph­ocytes)
 
Trap and remove cellular debris
Structures
Lymph Ducts and Capill­aries
 
Drain and collect excess fluids from tissues
 
Take fluids to nodes to be cleaned
 
Cleansed lymph travels through lymph ducts to the subclavian vein where they are dumbped into the anterior vena cava
Lymph Nodes
 
Remove debris from lymph = Cleanse lymph
 
Contain Phagocytic Lympho­cytes
 
White Blood Cells make antibodies and attack invaders
Lactaels
 
Absorb­/Tr­ansport fatty acids & glycerol in the villi of the small intestine
Other lymphoid Organs
 
Tonsils, Appendix, Spleen, and Thymus Gland