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Translation Facts
Proteins are synthesized from amino acids through the process of translation |
tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis. Amino acids not involved in decoding - fidelity of protein synthesis requires correct charging of tRNA |
Properties of genetic code: triplet(codon), non-overlapping, unambiguous(clear), degenerate, universal |
3 phases of translation: initiation, elongation, termination |
- tRNA base-pairs with mRNA; wobble base pairing |
- mRNA is read from 5' to 3', polypeptide extends from N- to C- terminus |
Amino acid on tRNA is not involved in codon recognition |
Structure of tRNA
The conformation (three-dimensional shape) of tRNA results from base pairing (hydrogen bonds) within the molecule. |
The sequence on 3' end is always CCA: the amino acid attachment site. |
Anticodon: site of base pairing with mRNA. Unique for each species of tRNA. |
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Charging a tRNA molecule
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: for charging a transfer RNA with the correct amino acid |
Each enzyme is specific for one amino acid |
Properties of genetic code
3 bases made up a codon |
Non-overlapping |
Each codon specify one amino acid |
Degenerate: more than one codon for the same amino acid |
Nearly universal |
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Three phases of translation
Initiation |
- Start codon: AUG |
In eukaryotes, ribosome binds to 5' cap and moves along the mRNA to find the first start codon. |
Elongation |
- mRNA is read from 5' end to 3' end |
- Proteins are synthesized from N-terminus to C-terminus |
Termination |
- Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA |
Initiation of translation
Elongation of translation
Termination of translation
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