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NCERT: Grade x:biology :how do organisms reproduce
parts of a flower
PARTS OF A FLOWER |
DESCRIPTION |
IT'S PARTS |
IT'S FUNCTION |
Sepal |
The green outermost circle of a flower is called sepals. all sepals together are called calyx. |
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The function of sepal is to protect the flower in it's initial stages in it |
Petal |
The colourful part of a flower is called a petal. Petals together are called carolla |
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The function of petal is to attract insects |
Stamen |
It is the male reproduction part of the flower. A single flower may have number of stamens in it. |
i)Filament:-The filament is a long stalk-like structure which supports the anther.
ii)Anther:-It is a bilobed structure containing two pollen sacs present at tip of stamen . These produce pollen grains that are yellowish in colour. |
Produce pollen grains. |
Pistil |
It is the female reproductive part, which is present in the center of the flower. It comprises of mainly three parts |
(i)Stigma: It is the terminal part of the carpel which may be sticky. It helps in receiving the pollen grains during pollination.
(ii) Style: It is the middle elongated part of the carpel. It helps in the attachment of stigma to the ovary.
(iii)Ovary: the swollen bottom part of the carpel. It contains ovules having an egg cell (female gamete) |
1) It is the female reproductive part of the flower, and therefore it is involved in the fertilization process.
2) The stigma of the pistil is responsible for receiving the pollen.
3) The style of the pistil is responsible for safely transporting the compatible pollen to the ovule.
4) Pistil protects the ovule present inside it. |
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fission
Fission is the process of division of a single unicellular organism into two or more organisms which then separately grow into two or more individuals
a)binary fission:when a single unicellular organism divides into two new individuals,first by nuclear division then by cytoplasmic division,it is called binary fission.Occurs in favorable conditions
b)multiple fission is the division of a single unicellular organism into multiple organisms.Occurs in unfavorable conditions.
budding
In budding, a small part of an organism grows out as 'bud' which then detaches and forms a new organism
female reproductive parts
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fragmentation
The breaking up of a body of a simple multicellular organism into two or more pieces on maturing which subsequently forms a new organism is called fragmentation
vegetative propagation
it is a process by which a new plant can be obtained from vegetative plant parts such as roots steam or leaf
germination of pollen grains
Pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of a flower is termed pollination.
Self-pollination: pollen from the stamen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower.
Cross pollination: pollen from the stamen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of a different flower.
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regeneration
regeneration:-
it is the ability of a fully differentiated organism to regenerate the whole body from its body parts. It doesn't occur in normal conditions. it is carried out by specialized cells that proliferate and undergo changes
spore formation
In spore formation, the parent plant produces hundred of microscopic reproductive units called spores. When the spore case of the plant burst, then the spore spread to the air, where these airborne spore land on soil, and under favorable conditions, they germinate into new plants.
germination
After fertilization, the zygote divides many times and forms an embryo within the ovule. This ovule then develops a tough coat and gets converted into a seed. The ovary rapidly grows and ripens as fruit. The seed contains the future embryo and develops into a seedling under suitable conditions. This process is called germination.
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