Cell theory1. All living things are made up of cells | unicellular or multicellular | 2. Cells are the smallest and most basic unit of life | prokaryotic or eukaryotic | 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
Prokaryotic or EukaryoticProkaryotic | no nucleus | Eukaryotic | has nucleus | | | no membrane bound organelles | | membrane bound organelles | | | division process is binary fission | | division process is mitosis | | | unicellular | | unicellular or multicellular | | | cell wall made of peptidoglycan | | in fungi or plants with cell walls made of chitin or cellulose | | | smaller cells | | larger cells | | | bacterial cells | | animal or plant cells |
all cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material (DNA or RNA) OrganellesCell (Plasma) Membrane | Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell to control what goes in and out of the cell | Cytoskeleton | Network of threadlike fibers made of proteins to give the cell shape, move organelles around, provide structural support for animal cells | Cytoplasm | jelly-like substance mainly made up of H2O that holds everything in place and provides solution for chemical reactions to take place in | Nucleus | genetic material that's surrounded by a nuclear membrane with nuclear pores that control what goes in and out that protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell | Nucleolus | inside the cell that makes mRNA which makes ribosomes | Ribosomes | located on the Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm that make proteins in a process called translation | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Hugs the nuclues and has ribosomes on it that makes proteins | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | has no ribosomes and is attached to the Rough ER that makes lipids (membranes), destroy toxins (liver), and regulates calcium (muscles) | Golgi Apparatus | folded membrane that gets vesicles of protein from ER to process, sort, and ship proteins where needed | Vesicles | "mini-cart" that transports proteins around the cell | Lysosomes | Contains enzymes that break down the dead stuff and apoptosis | Vacuoles | small and numerous in animal cells but one large one in plants cells that act as a storage | Centrioles/Centrosomes | made of microtubules that happen in cell division helping cells divide by pulling chromosomes apart | Cilia | shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars (hairs) that move fluid across cell surface | Flagella | longer, fewer (tail) that move entire cell | Mitochondria | inner membrane and matrix (fluid) where cellular respiration happens (breaks down food to release energy as ATP) | Chloroplast | grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid) where photosynthesis happens (converts energy from sun to energy in sugar) | Cell Wall | Provides structural support and protection for bacteria, plant and fungi cells. Bacteria's made with peptidoglycan. Plant's made with cellulose. Fungi's made with chitin. | Peroxisomes | membrane-bound organelles primarily involved in lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species |
Animal, Plant, Prokaryotic cellsPlant Cell:
chloroplast
central vacuole
cell wall
Animal Cells:
cilia and flagella
centrioles
lysosomes
Bacterial Cells
capsules | | Cell membranePhospholipid Bilayer: amphipathic
- hydrophilic heads
- hydrophobic tails Fluid Mosaic Modelmembrane is a fluid structure with "mosaic" of various proteins embedded/attached to bilayer | phospholipids provides fluidity and elasticity | | | proteins and other molecules embedded in membrane |
Structure of Cellular Membranemain components | phospholipids and proteins | other important molecules | cholesterol and carbohydrates |
ProteinsFunctions | transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix | Integral Proteins | embedded in | Peripheral Proteins | attached to surface |
Cholesterolat warm temperatures | restrains the movement of phospholipids and reduces fluidity | at cool temperatures | maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing |
Carbohydratescell to cell recognition | cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another | membrane carbohydrates | interact with the surface molecules of other cells, facilitating cell to cell recognition |
Selective PermeabilityAllows some materials, but not all to go through | can easily pass: small, non polar, nonionic hydrophobic, neutral molecules and H2O | cannot easily pass: large (must use vesicles), polar (must go through proteins), ionic, hydrophillic |
| | Cellular TransportConcentration | # of molecules of a substance in a given volume | Concentration Gradient | differnce in concentration (mass) of a substance from one location to another | Passive or Active Transport |
Homeostasisthe need for an organism to maintain and regulate constant or stable internal conditions | Growth and homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. |
Passive TransportMolecules moving DOWN their concentration gradient from HIGH to LOW with NO ENERGY until EQUILIBRIUM is reached | Simple Diffusion | The spreading out of molecules | ion channels | transport proteins allow ion to flow from a high to low concentration | Facilitated Diffusion | transport protein (channel or carrier) helps to facilitate the diffusion of molecules | aquaporins: tunnel that allows water to go through the membrane | Osmosis | Simple diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane | Hypertonic solutions = more solutes, less water; water moves out of cell to SHRIVEL | | | | Hypotonic solutions = less solutes, more water; water moves into the cell to SWELL/BURST | | | | Isotonic Solution = equal solutes and water; cell STAYS THE SAME |
Active Transportmolecules moving AGAINST the concentration gradient from LOW to HIGH concentration | Molecular Pumps | Cell uses energy to pump molecules across a membrane through a protein channel (sodium potassium pump and proton pump) | Cotransport | single ATP-powered pump that transports solute indirectly | Exocytosis | cell uses energy to export materials out of the cell with a vesicle | Endocytosis | cell uses energy to import materials into the cell with a vesicle | Phagocytosis = cell "eating" (cell engulfs solids into vesicle and digests them) | | | | Pinocytosis = cell "drinking" (cell engulfs liquids into vesicle and digests them) |
| | SA:V RatioFormulas | Surface Area: 6 (lw) | | | Volume: lwh | Steps to find SA:V | 1. calculate SA | | | 2. calculate V | | | 3. Divide SA by V |
As cell size increases, the SA:V ratio decreases and the cell becomes less efficient at moving things in and out of the cell
= cell must stop growing or dividing Cell sizeWhy are cells small? | To maintain a larger surface area to volume ratio. The smaller the cells are, the faster and more efficient things can go in and out of the cell. |
Water PotentialΨ = ΨS + ΨP | ΨS: solute potential | | | ΨP: pressure potential | ΨS = -iCRT | i: ionization constant | | | C: concentration (M) | | | R: pressure constant (0.0821 liters bars/mole K) | | | T: temperature in Kelvin ( oC +273) | Osmotic Potential | the potential of H2O moving from hypotonic solutions to hypertonic solutions (High water potential to low water potential) |
Turgor Pressure: When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and gains a lot of water, the cell wall presses back on the cell membrane to prevent the cell from bursting. Osmoregulationthe control of water balance | organisms without cell walls that live in hypertonic or hypotonic environment | Osmoregulation maintains water balance and allows organisms to control their internal solute composition/water potential. |
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