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\author{iCookieo (phanbritney)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-biology-u2-cell-structure-and-functions.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (iCookieo (phanbritney))
  /Subject (AP Biology U2: Cell Structure and Functions Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology U2: Cell Structure and Functions Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{iCookieo (phanbritney)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/127926/cs/24939/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}iCookieo (phanbritney) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/phanbritney} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 25th October, 2020.\\
   Updated 25th October, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
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1. All living things are made up of cells & unicellular or multicellular \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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2. Cells are the smallest and most basic unit of life & prokaryotic or eukaryotic \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.31596 cm} x{0.94788 cm} p{0.28963 cm} x{1.07953 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Prokaryotic} & no nucleus & \seqsplit{Eukaryotic} & has nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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 & no membrane bound organelles &  & membrane bound organelles \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & division process is binary fission &  & division process is mitosis \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & unicellular &  & unicellular or multicellular \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & cell wall made of peptidoglycan &  & in fungi or plants with cell walls made of chitin or cellulose \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & smaller cells &  & larger cells \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & bacterial cells &  & animal or plant cells \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{all cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material (DNA or RNA)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Cell (Plasma) Membrane & Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell to control what goes in and out of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Cytoskeleton & Network of threadlike fibers made of proteins to give the cell shape, move organelles around, provide structural support for animal cells \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cytoplasm & jelly-like substance mainly made up of H2O that holds everything in place and provides solution for chemical reactions to take place in \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Nucleus & genetic material that's surrounded by a nuclear membrane with nuclear pores that control what goes in and out that protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nucleolus & inside the cell that makes mRNA which makes ribosomes \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Ribosomes & located on the Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm that make proteins in a process called translation \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles (cont)}}  \tn
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum & Hugs the nuclues and has ribosomes on it that makes proteins \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum & has no ribosomes and is attached to the Rough ER that makes lipids (membranes), destroy toxins (liver), and regulates calcium (muscles) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Golgi Apparatus & folded membrane that gets vesicles of protein from ER to process, sort, and ship proteins where needed \tn 
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% Row 9
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Vesicles & "mini-cart" that transports proteins around the cell \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 10
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Lysosomes & Contains enzymes that break down the dead stuff and apoptosis \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 11
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Vacuoles & small and numerous in animal cells but one large one in plants cells that act as a storage \tn 
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% Row 12
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\seqsplit{Centrioles/Centrosomes} & made of microtubules that happen in cell division helping cells divide by pulling chromosomes apart \tn 
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% Row 13
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Cilia & shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars (hairs) that move fluid across cell surface \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles (cont)}}  \tn
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Flagella & longer, fewer (tail) that move entire cell \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 15
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Mitochondria & inner membrane and matrix (fluid) where cellular respiration happens (breaks down food to release energy as ATP) \tn 
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% Row 16
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Chloroplast & grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid) where photosynthesis happens (converts energy from sun to energy in sugar) \tn 
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% Row 17
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Cell Wall & Provides structural support and protection for bacteria, plant and fungi cells. Bacteria's made with peptidoglycan. Plant's made with cellulose. Fungi's made with chitin. \tn 
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% Row 18
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Peroxisomes & membrane-bound organelles primarily involved in lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Animal, Plant, Prokaryotic cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/phanbritney_1603656565_cells-animal-plant-ways-nucleus-difference-organelles.jpg}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Plant Cell: \newline chloroplast \newline central vacuole \newline cell wall \newline  \newline Animal Cells:  \newline cilia and flagella \newline centrioles \newline lysosomes \newline  \newline Bacterial Cells \newline capsules}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell membrane}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Phospholipid Bilayer: amphipathic \newline - hydrophilic heads \newline - hydrophobic tails}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fluid Mosaic Model}}  \tn
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membrane is a fluid structure with "mosaic" of various proteins embedded/attached to bilayer & phospholipids provides fluidity and elasticity \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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 & proteins and other molecules embedded in membrane \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Cellular Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
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main components & phospholipids and proteins \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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other important molecules & cholesterol and carbohydrates \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins}}  \tn
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Functions & transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Integral Proteins & embedded in \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Peripheral Proteins & attached to surface \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cholesterol}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
at warm temperatures & restrains the movement of phospholipids and reduces fluidity \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
at cool temperatures & maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbohydrates}}  \tn
% Row 0
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cell to cell recognition & cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
membrane carbohydrates & interact with the surface molecules of other cells, facilitating cell to cell recognition \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Selective Permeability}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Allows some materials, but not all to go through} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
can easily pass: small, non polar, nonionic hydrophobic, neutral molecules and H2O & cannot easily pass: large (must use vesicles), polar (must go through proteins), ionic, hydrophillic \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.20155 cm} x{2.23145 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellular Transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Concentration & \# of molecules of a substance in a given volume \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Concentration Gradient & differnce in concentration (mass) of a substance from one location to another \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Passive or Active Transport}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Homeostasis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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the need for an organism to maintain and regulate constant or stable internal conditions & Growth and homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{Molecules moving DOWN their concentration gradient from HIGH to LOW with NO ENERGY until EQUILIBRIUM is reached} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Simple \seqsplit{Diffusion} & The spreading out of molecules &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ion \seqsplit{channels} & transport proteins allow ion to flow from a high to low concentration &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Facilitated} \seqsplit{Diffusion} & transport protein (channel or carrier) helps to facilitate the diffusion of molecules & aquaporins: tunnel that allows water to go through the membrane \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Osmosis & Simple diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane & Hypertonic solutions = more solutes, less water; water moves out of cell to SHRIVEL \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Hypotonic solutions = less solutes, more water; water moves into the cell to SWELL/BURST \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & Isotonic Solution = equal solutes and water; cell STAYS THE SAME \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{molecules moving AGAINST the concentration gradient from LOW to HIGH concentration} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\seqsplit{Molecular} Pumps & Cell uses energy to pump molecules across a membrane through a protein channel (sodium potassium pump and proton pump) &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Cotransport} & single ATP-powered pump that transports solute indirectly &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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\seqsplit{Exocytosis} & cell uses energy to export materials out of the cell with a vesicle &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Endocytosis} & cell uses energy to import materials into the cell with a vesicle & Phagocytosis = cell "eating" (cell engulfs solids into vesicle and digests them) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Pinocytosis = cell "drinking" (cell engulfs liquids into vesicle and digests them) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.51052 cm} x{1.92248 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SA:V Ratio}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Formulas & Surface Area: 6 {\emph{ (l}}w) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Volume: l{\emph{w}}h \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Steps to find SA:V & 1. calculate SA \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. calculate V \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3. Divide SA by V \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{As cell size increases, the SA:V ratio decreases and the cell becomes less efficient at moving things in and out of the cell \newline = cell must stop growing or dividing}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell size}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Why are cells small? & To maintain a larger surface area to volume ratio. The smaller the cells are, the faster and more efficient things can go in and out of the cell. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water Potential}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Ψ = ΨS + ΨP & ΨS: solute potential \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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 & ΨP: pressure potential \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ΨS = -iCRT & i: ionization constant \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & C: concentration (M) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & R: pressure constant (0.0821 liters bars/mole K) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & T: temperature in Kelvin ( \textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C +273) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Osmotic Potential & the potential of H2O moving from hypotonic solutions to hypertonic solutions (High water potential to low water potential) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Turgor Pressure: When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and gains a lot of water, the cell wall presses back on the cell membrane to prevent the cell from bursting.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmoregulation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{the control of water balance} \tn 
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organisms without cell walls that live in hypertonic or hypotonic environment & Osmoregulation maintains water balance and allows organisms to control their internal solute composition/water potential. \tn 
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% That's all folks
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