Simple Python Built-In Functions
abs(x) |
Returns the absolute value for x |
abs(-2) is 2 |
max(x1, x2,...) |
Returns the largest among x1, x2,... |
max(1, 5, 2) is 5 |
min(x1, x2,...) |
Returns the smalles among x1, x2,... |
min(1, 5, 2) is 1 |
pow(a, b) |
Same as a ** b |
pow(2, 3) is 8 |
round(x) |
Returns an integer nearest to x. If x is equally close to two inetegers, the even one is returned |
round(5.5) is 6 |
round(x, n) |
Returns the float value rounded to n digits after the decimal point |
round(5.466, 2) is 5.47 |
Mathematical Functions in Python
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fabs(x) Returns the absolute value for x as a float
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ceil(x) Round up x
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floor(x) Round down x
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exp(x) exponential function x(e^x)
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log(x) Natural logarithms
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log(x) Natural logarithms
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log(x, base) Logarithms of x for the specified base
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sqrt(x) Square root of x
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sin(x), cos(x), tan(x) sin, cos, tan of x angle in radians
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asin(x), acos(x) Inverse of sin, cos of an angle
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degrees(x) convert radians to degrees
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radians(x) convert degrees to radians
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Strings and Characters
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ASCII Code American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Uses numbers 0 - 127. Can be accessed using alt key
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Unicode Code Unicode consortium, starts with \u and hexadecimal nmbers
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Escape Sequences for Special Characters
Character Escape Sequence |
Name |
\b |
Backspace |
\t |
Tab |
\n |
Linefeed |
\r |
Carriage Return |
\\ |
Backslash |
\' |
Single Quote |
\" |
Double Quote |
Printing without the Newline
print("AAA", end = ' ')
print("BBB", end = '')
print("CCC", end = '*')
print("DDD", end = '*')
displays
AAA BBBCCCDDD
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Invoke the print function with the end argument
n = 3
id(n)
type(n)
s = salalah
sl = s.lower()
print (s)
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su = s.upper()
print(s)
s = “\t Salalah \n”
print(s)
s = s.strip()
print(s)
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Convert numbers to a string
num1 = str(3.4)
print (num1)
num2 = str(5)
print (num2)
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Read strings from the keyboard
firstname = input(“firstname is: “)
secondname =input(“second name is: “)
name = firstname + secondname
print (name)
print(firstname + “ “ + secondname)
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To use the + operator to concatenate strings
firstname = “ Mohammad”
secondname = “Ali”
name = firstname + secondname
print (name)
Firstname + = secondname
print(firstname)
use “ “ space
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Format Strings and Numbers
a = 3
b = .123
c = a / b
print(c)
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print (round(c,2))
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print (format(c,”10.2f”))
print (format(c,”10.2e”))
print (format(c,”10.%”)
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(for int only)
print(format(a,”b”)) #binary
print(format(a,”o”)) #octal
print(format(a,”x”)) #hexadecimal
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Format Strings and Numbers cont...
print (format(c,”10.2f”))
print (format(c,”<10.2f”))
print (format(c,”>10.2f”)
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print(format(a,”b”))
print(format(a,”<b”))
print(format(a,”>b”))
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s = "I love Python"
print(s)
print(format(s,"20s"))
print(format(s,"<20s"))
print(format(s,">20s"))
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Draw Various Shapes
import turtle
turtle.pensize(n) 1-3
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(x,y) (-200,-50)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(40, steps = 3) #triangle
turtle.done()
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Draw graphics with colors and fonts
import turtle
turtle.pensize(n)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(x,y)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.color(“color”)
turtle.circle(40, steps = 3)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.done()
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