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AP bio Unit 4 Cheat Sheet by

Chapters 12, 14, 46, 47

Cell cycle phases

G1
The cell grows and does it's job
G0
Cell nondiv­iding, could resume division
S
DNA replicated
G2
Prepares for division by making organelles
M-phase
Division
Cytoki­nesis
Cell membrane divides

Cell cycle

Mitosis

Prophase
Chromatin starts to condense, nuclear envelope dissolves, mitotic spindle forms, centrioles divide in animal cells
Promet­aphase
Cells start to move to middle, 2 complete spindles at poles
Metaphase (2n)
Chromo­somes line up on metaphase plate, spindle attaches to kineto­chore at centromere
Anaphase (2n)
Chromatid pulled apart at centro­mere, migrate to cell poles by kineto­chore
Telophase
Chromo­somes decond­ense, nuclear envelope reforms, cells start seperating

Mitosis

Hormones

Testos­terone
Male determ­ining hormone
Estrogen
Peaks before LH and FSH, leads other to peak
LH
Stimulates follicular growth and ovulation
FSH
Stimulates follicular growth and ovulation
Proges­terone
Promote thickening in endome­trium

Stages of Human develo­pment

Zygote
When sperm meets egg, Fertilized egg
Embryo
Cells that will develop into baby, Beginning stages, cells differ­entiate
Fetus
Developing baby in Uterus

Formation of Zygote

1
Ovulation
2
Conception
3
Cleavage
4
Cleavage continues
5
Implan­tation in uterus

3 germ layers

Endoderm
Inner layer, lines digestive tract
Mesoderm
Space between endo and exoderm, ex: muscular and skeletal system
Ectoderm
Outer layer, ex: skin and nerves

Stages of birth

1
Dilation of cervix
2
Expuls­ion­/de­livery of baby
3
Delivery of placenta

Labor Hormones

Oxytocin
Increases during labor
Positive feedback
simulates uterus to contract
Positive feedback
simulates placenta to make prosta­gla­ndins which simulate more contra­ctions

Basics of cell signaling

1
Recept­ion­-Ox­ytocin received
2
Transd­uct­ion­-Ox­ytocin passed through molecules of signal transd­uction pathway
3
Respon­se-­Con­tra­ction of Uterus

Male reprod­uctive system

Scrotum
Holds testes, regulates temper­ature for sperm
Testis
Produce sperm and testos­terone, sperm manufa­ctured in testis
Epididymis
Sperm stored to mature
Vas deference
Passageway for sperm and place for sperm storeage
Bulbou­rethral gland
Secrets fluid that protects sperm from acid in urethra
Rectum
Seminal vesicle
Secretes fluid that nourishes and enables sperm to move
Bladder
Prostate gland
Secretes alkaline found in male urethra
.Urethra
Semen and urine pass through to leave the body
Penis
Male organ for sexual interc­ourse, reprod­uction and urination

Female reprod­uctive system

Ovary
Store and release eggs and produce estrogen and proges­terone
Fillopain tubes
Site of fertil­ization
Bladder
Urethra
opening of blatter
Vagina
Empty passage way, leads from vaginal opening to uterus
Cervix
Opening of uterus, usually plugged by mucus
Rectum
 

Cell regulation

Cyclin
CDK on switch made in increasing amounts in interphase
No cyclin=
No mitosis
CDK
cyclin dependent kinase
Proto-­onc­ogenes
Simulate cell division, accele­rator, mutated versions always on
Tumor suppressor genes
Inhibit cell division, break, mutated versions always off

Checkp­oints

G1
Most important- determines if cell should replicated DNA

Cancer­-Un­con­trolled cell division

Apoptosis
Programmed cell death

Stages of cancer

1
Tumor grows from single cell
2
Cancer cells invade neighb­oring tissue
3
Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of body
4
Cancer cells may survive and establish new tumor

Forms of DNA

Chromosome
Tightly coiled DNA, made of 2 sister chromatid
Chromatid
1/2 chromosome
Tetrads
2 pairs homologous chromo­somes next to each other
Centromere
Spindle fibers attach via kineto­chore
Daughter chromo­somes
Separated sister chromatid

Meiosis 1

Prophase 1
Chromo­somes condense, homologous pair connect to each other (synapsis) -> tetrads
Metaphase 1
Tetrads align at metaphase plate
Anaphase 1
Homologous pairs separate, sister chromatid still attached
Telophase 1
Cell divides into 2 cells

Meiosis 2

Prophase 2
Chromo­somes of 2 sister chromatid begin to condense
Metaphase 2
Chromo­somes line up on metaphase plate
Anaphase 2
Sister chromatid separate
Telophase 2
Starts dividing into 4 haploid cells

Meiosis

Sperm
Produces 4 sperm, priori­tizes quantity
Egg
Creates 1 egg, quality over quantity, discarded eggs become polar bodies

Cytoki­nesis

Animals
Contra­ctile ring of microf­ila­ments pinches the cell in 2, creates a cleavage furrow
Plant
Vesicles from each cell bring materials over to create cell wall of plant, creates cell plate between 2 cells

Increase genetic diversity

Crossing over
DNA exchange between homologous pairs at chiasma
Indepe­ndent assortment
During metaphase 1, one set of traits doesn't depend on another, each gamete has one of many combin­ations

Asexual vs Sexual reprod­uction

Asexual
Quick, doesn't take care of young, no diversity
Sexual
Long process, non self-s­uff­icient, diversity

Fertil­ization

Acrosomal reaction
Sperm breaks down to enter egg
Cortical reaction
Egg releases calcium ions to prevent polyspermy

Meiosis

Male reprod­uctive system

Female reprod­uctive system

                           
 

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