Cell cycle phases
G1 |
The cell grows and does it's job |
G0 |
Cell nondividing, could resume division |
S |
DNA replicated |
G2 |
Prepares for division by making organelles |
M-phase |
Division |
Cytokinesis |
Cell membrane divides |
Mitosis
Prophase |
Chromatin starts to condense, nuclear envelope dissolves, mitotic spindle forms, centrioles divide in animal cells |
Prometaphase |
Cells start to move to middle, 2 complete spindles at poles |
Metaphase (2n) |
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate, spindle attaches to kinetochore at centromere |
Anaphase (2n) |
Chromatid pulled apart at centromere, migrate to cell poles by kinetochore |
Telophase |
Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, cells start seperating |
Hormones
Testosterone |
Male determining hormone |
Estrogen |
Peaks before LH and FSH, leads other to peak |
LH |
Stimulates follicular growth and ovulation |
FSH |
Stimulates follicular growth and ovulation |
Progesterone |
Promote thickening in endometrium |
Stages of Human development
Zygote |
When sperm meets egg, Fertilized egg |
Embryo |
Cells that will develop into baby, Beginning stages, cells differentiate |
Fetus |
Developing baby in Uterus |
Formation of Zygote
1 |
Ovulation |
2 |
Conception |
3 |
Cleavage |
4 |
Cleavage continues |
5 |
Implantation in uterus |
3 germ layers
Endoderm |
Inner layer, lines digestive tract |
Mesoderm |
Space between endo and exoderm, ex: muscular and skeletal system |
Ectoderm |
Outer layer, ex: skin and nerves |
Stages of birth
1 |
Dilation of cervix |
2 |
Expulsion/delivery of baby |
3 |
Delivery of placenta |
Labor Hormones
Oxytocin |
Increases during labor |
Positive feedback |
simulates uterus to contract |
Positive feedback |
simulates placenta to make prostaglandins which simulate more contractions |
Basics of cell signaling
1 |
Reception-Oxytocin received |
2 |
Transduction-Oxytocin passed through molecules of signal transduction pathway |
3 |
Response-Contraction of Uterus |
Male reproductive system
Scrotum |
Holds testes, regulates temperature for sperm |
Testis |
Produce sperm and testosterone, sperm manufactured in testis |
Epididymis |
Sperm stored to mature |
Vas deference |
Passageway for sperm and place for sperm storeage |
Bulbourethral gland |
Secrets fluid that protects sperm from acid in urethra |
Rectum |
Seminal vesicle |
Secretes fluid that nourishes and enables sperm to move |
Bladder |
Prostate gland |
Secretes alkaline found in male urethra |
.Urethra |
Semen and urine pass through to leave the body |
Penis |
Male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction and urination |
Female reproductive system
Ovary |
Store and release eggs and produce estrogen and progesterone |
Fillopain tubes |
Site of fertilization |
Bladder |
Urethra |
opening of blatter |
Vagina |
Empty passage way, leads from vaginal opening to uterus |
Cervix |
Opening of uterus, usually plugged by mucus |
Rectum |
|
|
Cell regulation
Cyclin |
CDK on switch made in increasing amounts in interphase |
No cyclin= |
No mitosis |
CDK |
cyclin dependent kinase |
Proto-oncogenes |
Simulate cell division, accelerator, mutated versions always on |
Tumor suppressor genes |
Inhibit cell division, break, mutated versions always off |
Checkpoints
G1 |
Most important- determines if cell should replicated DNA |
Cancer-Uncontrolled cell division
Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
Stages of cancer
1 |
Tumor grows from single cell |
2 |
Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue |
3 |
Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of body |
4 |
Cancer cells may survive and establish new tumor |
Forms of DNA
Chromosome |
Tightly coiled DNA, made of 2 sister chromatid |
Chromatid |
1/2 chromosome |
Tetrads |
2 pairs homologous chromosomes next to each other |
Centromere |
Spindle fibers attach via kinetochore |
Daughter chromosomes |
Separated sister chromatid |
Meiosis 1
Prophase 1 |
Chromosomes condense, homologous pair connect to each other (synapsis) -> tetrads |
Metaphase 1 |
Tetrads align at metaphase plate |
Anaphase 1 |
Homologous pairs separate, sister chromatid still attached |
Telophase 1 |
Cell divides into 2 cells |
Meiosis 2
Prophase 2 |
Chromosomes of 2 sister chromatid begin to condense |
Metaphase 2 |
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate |
Anaphase 2 |
Sister chromatid separate |
Telophase 2 |
Starts dividing into 4 haploid cells |
Meiosis
Sperm |
Produces 4 sperm, prioritizes quantity |
Egg |
Creates 1 egg, quality over quantity, discarded eggs become polar bodies |
Cytokinesis
Animals |
Contractile ring of microfilaments pinches the cell in 2, creates a cleavage furrow |
Plant |
Vesicles from each cell bring materials over to create cell wall of plant, creates cell plate between 2 cells |
Increase genetic diversity
Crossing over |
DNA exchange between homologous pairs at chiasma |
Independent assortment |
During metaphase 1, one set of traits doesn't depend on another, each gamete has one of many combinations |
Asexual vs Sexual reproduction
Asexual |
Quick, doesn't take care of young, no diversity |
Sexual |
Long process, non self-sufficient, diversity |
Fertilization
Acrosomal reaction |
Sperm breaks down to enter egg |
Cortical reaction |
Egg releases calcium ions to prevent polyspermy |
Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
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