Asexual Reproduction: Cell CycleInterphase | Mitosis | Cytokinesis | Cell grows and develops & does normal functions, longest cell cycle phase, late interphase DNA replication occurs | Prophase: Nucleolus disappears, spindle fibres form & attach to centromeres | Cell divides into 2 daughter cells | Dna molecule unwinds with help of enzyme, bases pair up= 2 genetically id DNA molecs. | Metaphase: Spindle fibres lineup at equator of cell | For both binary and cell cycle | Mitosis: Anaphase: Spindle fibres pull sis. chromatids to opp. poles | Telophase: Nuclear membrane reappears around sis chromatids |
Eukaryotic cells use cell cycle Sexual Reproduction Cell CycleMeiosis 1 | Meiosis 2 | Prophase 1: Nucleolus dissolves, Nucleolus dissolves, spindle fibres form, homologous chromosomes pair, spindle fibres attach to centromeres, DNA condenses to chromosomes. Pro 2= same no homo | Metaphase: Spindle fibres push chromosomes to equator (middle) on 2 sides of equator | same no homo | Anaphase: Homo chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell (spindle fibres pull) | Sister chromatids separate | Telophase: spindle fibres disappear, nuclear membrane comes back, two nuclei form, after telo cell divides at cleavage furrow, 2 cells | Same, cell later divides after, 4 cells |
Still Interphase and Cytokinesis. Homologous Binary FissionCell splits to two daughter cells with id DNA | Some bacteria reproduce through binary fission cause they don't have a nucleus | Mutation may occur during dna rep. or when chromosomes don't move to 2 dtr. cells |
Prokaryotic cells only. Barrier forms between daughter cells as they split Plant Reproductionmale rep. org: stamen | female rep. org: pistil | releases m. gamete | gamete carried to stigma | anther: pollen stored&produced | Stigma: sticky&captures male gamete | Pollen grains contain male gamete | style: where the pollen tube is | filament supports anther | ovary: contains ovules | | | Ovules: surround female gamete |
Seed germination=a seed developing to plant | | Sexual ReproductionMating: When sperm & egg meet | Fertilization: When gametes fuse to form zygote | Development: When organism develops into embryo | Embryo: is unborn/unhatched offspring in development process | Fertilization: sperm breaks into egg cell and penetrates the cell membrane, then fusses with egg nucleus making zygote | Internal fertilization gametes join outside of parents. | External is when gametes join inside parents, embryo inside mom | Internal: | | External: | Embryo is protected | | Not protected | More energy | | little energy | Produces less | | Produces more | More competition for food | | Less competition | More likely to survive | | Many are not fertilized | Zygote eventually turns into embryo, which eventually makes a complete individual | Morula>Blastula>Gastrula | Morula= End of week 1 (ball of cells) Blastula= End of week 2 (hollow ball of cells, cells can develop into any type of cell) Gastrula= 3 distinct layers of cells (Ectoderm= skin & nerves, Mesoderm= Muscles & bones, Endoderm= lungs, liver, and digestive system lining) |
Gametes=sperm/egg. Sperm cells have flagella & are mobile Asexual vs Sexual ReproductionRep. Purpose: Produce a offspring, continue species | Cell Theory: "New cells are formed through the division of existing cells." | Every species has different method of rep. | Asex. rep. | sex. rep. | Asex. 0->0 0 (parent is now daughter cell) | Sex. 0+0= 0 (Zygote) (parents usually stay alive) | 1 Parent | 2 parents/ Gametes= sperm, egg | All parent DNA | Offspring genetically different/ Half Dad DNA, Half Mom DNA | Genetically Identical | Genetic diversity= better immunity | Clones are natural, but can also be artificial | DNA is made of many nucleoids liked together | 4 types of nucleoids: Adenine-Thymine,Cytosine-Guanine | DNA coil into condensed form: chromatin | More condensed to chromosome, when the cell is ready to reproduce | DNA looks like long spiral ladder called double helix | Sides of ladder are made up of sugar & phosphate |
If the genetic code messes up it causes genetic mutation. |
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