Totalitarianism
Totalitarian system subordinates the individual to the interests of the collective |
Dissent is eliminated through indoctrination, persecution, surveillance, propaganda, censorship, and violence |
Types of totalitarianism |
Authoritarianism |
Tolerates no deviation from state ideology. Deviation = punishment. Officals reg politics, pay less attention to social and economic structure of society. |
Fascism |
Organises nationed using corporatist perspectives, values and systems. Controls, using force and indoctrine, minds, souls and daily existance. North Korea, Burma. |
Secular |
Single party controls elections, tolerates dissent as long as does not challenge state, suppresses other ideologies. |
Theocratic |
Gov is an expression of prefered diety. Leaders claim to represent its interests on earth. Applis acient dogma rather than modern beliefs. Strick social and gender reg. Iran, Afganistan, Saudi Arabia. |
Engines of totalitarianism |
Economic development, inconsistancies, economic problems, standards of democracy |
Monopolises power and uses it to regulate most / all areas of life.
Wide world of legal systems
Why are legal systems important?
Regulate business practices |
Defines business policies, rights and obligations involved in business transactions |
Because government of a country make laws they differ from country to country |
Different countries have different laws and regulations, knowledge of common law, civil law, contract laws, laws governing property rights, product safety and liability for a country helps in business decisions. |
Common law
Relies upon |
Judge made precendents |
How are decisions made |
Refering to previous judgements, custom, reasoning. Only considers legislation after considering these factors. |
Countrys |
US, Canada, HK, NZ, England, India, Australia |
Civil law summary
Relies upon |
Systematic codeification of accessable, detailed laws. Political officals translate legal principles into statutes. |
How are decisions made |
Judges apply statutes to resolve disputes. Unbound by precedent. Judges are constraining in interpretation of law. |
Countries |
Approx 150: Germany, Japan, France, Mexico. |
Most widespread type of law
Theocratic law summary
Relies upon |
Religious doctrain, precepts and beliefs. Legal auth is placed in religious leaders. They regulate business transactions and social relations based on sacred text. No separation of church and state. |
How are decisions made |
Based on sacred text. |
Countries |
Muslim and islamic are the most prevalent |
Customary law summary
Relies upon |
Norms of behaviour practiced over a long time |
How are decisions made |
Individuals recognising benefits of conforming to community standards |
Countries |
Plays a role in countries with mixed legal systems |
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Democracy summary
Equality: |
All citizens are politically and legally equal |
Entitled to freedom: |
Yes. Thought, opinion, belief, speech, and association |
Power: |
Equally command sovereign power over public officials |
Individulist |
Refers to the primacy of the rights and role of the individual. |
Types of democracy |
Representative |
Originates in a constitution that protects individual freedoms and liberties. Elected reps hold ultimate soverignty, but must act in peoples interests. Officals rep voters. US, Japan |
Multiparty |
3 or more parties govern. Leadership can not legislate without neg with oposition. Canada, Germany, Ital, Israel |
Parliamentary |
Citizens elect reps to a leg branch called parliament |
Social |
Applies democratic means to power transition from Capitalist to Socialism. Giv regs capitalism to control tendancy towards injustice. Norway. Sweden. |
Third Wave of Democratization |
number of democracies doubled in two decades |
Engines of Democracy |
failure of totalitarian regimes to deliver economic progress, Improved communication tech, economic dividends offered by increasing political freedom |
Democracy’s retreat |
Only 26 democracies are full democracies. |
A government of the people, by the people, for the people.
Political risks
Political risk refers to the risk that political decisions or events in a country negatively affect the profitability or sustainability of an investment |
Types |
Systemic, proceedural, distributive, catastrophic |
Map of Political Freedom, 2010
Trends in legal systems
Rule of man (totalitarian ) |
Legal rights derive from the individual who commands the power to impose them |
Rule of law (democratic) |
Systematic / objective laws applied by public officials who are held accountable for their administration |
Implications for managers
Strategic issues |
Country of origin and local content |
Marketplace behavior |
Product safety and liability |
Legal jurisdiction |
Intellectual property |
Uncertainty of law challenges decision making. Few developing countries have decent legal systems.
Operational Concerns
Issues |
Starting business, contracts, hiring and firing, closing the business |
Regulation |
Rich = less, poor = more |
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