Research Methods (Infants)involuntary or obligatory responses | because of limited motor control, test involuntary responses | Ex. habituation vs dishabituation | Baillargeon and colleagues (1985): Object Permanence & Solidity Principle | voluntary responses | behaviors that a person completes by choice | Ex. recall memory and elicited imitation | psychophysiological responses | measure heart rate, hormone levels, brain activity, etc. | Ex. event-related-potentials (ERPs) |
Interview Techniquesvernal report paradigms | children provide written or verbal answers to scenarios |
Human DevelopmentPrenatal | (egg + sperm) = zygote = blastula = neural tube | Neonatal | Attachment (~8mo), Language (babbling), Cognition (Piaget) | Childhood | Cognition | Object permanence, conservation, abstract reasoning, theory of mind, cultural influence | Adolescence | Gender | Spectrum, cis vs trans, adrenarche (6-12) and menarche |
Research Design (Infants & Children)
| | Vocabularyassent | minor participants are asked to indicate their willingness to participate in a study | attrition | participant drops out, or fails to complete, all parts of a study | bidirectional relations | one variable is likely both cause and consequence of another variable | cohort effects | research findings differ for participants of the same age tested at different points in historical time | cross-sectional research | examines behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time | dishabituation | participants demonstrate increased attention (through looking or listening behavior) to a new stimulus after having been habituated to a different stimulus | elicited imitation | A behavioral method used to examine recall memory in infant | event-related potentials (ERP) | recording of participant brain activity using a stretchy cap | habituation | participants demonstrated decrease attention to repeatedly-presented stimuli. | informed consent | getting permission from adults | institutional Review Boards (IRBs) | reviews and approves research procedures | involuntary or obligatory responses | Behavior that does not require much conscious thought | motor control | thinking to direct muscles and limbs | object permanence | understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be directly observed | practice effect | participants get better at a task over time by “practicing” ( can be particularly problematic in longitudinal and sequential research designs) | recall memory | remembering discrete episodes or events from the past (including encoding, consolidation and storage, and retrieval) | solidity principle | idea that two solid masses should not be able to move through one another | violation of expectation paradigm | research method in which infants are expected to respond in a particular way because one of two conditions violates or goes against what they should expect based on their everyday experiences |
| | SOCIAL EVOLUTION & BEHAVIORsymbiosis | selfishness | altruism | mating & natural selection | innate behavior | heritability & environment |
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY what is culture? | obeying norms, roles, environmental cues, prejudice/sterotypes, conformity, bonding, inferiority | | Milgram | disposition bias | personality traits influence behavior | situation bias | situation influences behavior | fundamental attribution | bias from situation bias | cognitive dissonance | belief system contradicts behavior | familiarity | positive attitude toward familiar things | validity effect | believing something that is repeated | ethnocentrism | ne's own group is superior | cultural relativism | view that other groups are all equally valid and no one system is really “better” | invulnerability illusion | group can do no wrong | self-censorship | dissenters stay quiet | pressure to conform | teasing and pressuring | unanimity | illusion of consensus |
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY what is culture? | obeying norms, roles, environmental cues, prejudice/sterotypes, conformity, bonding, inferiority | | Milgram |
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