concept of timemonochronic- time is given and people are variables, people do one thing at a time and finish it before starting something else. | polychronic-time is the servant and tool of people, people do several things simultaneously, required by the circumstances. |
individual, direct, low-context, non-agrarian societies are usually monochromatic. The other, polychromatic. uncertainty avoidancehigh uncertainty avoidance- people with this have anxiety about the unknown so they try to control life. they have many laws, regulations, rules, and procedures and emphasize it must be obeyed. | low uncertainty avoidance- people with this have low anxiety and are less threatened by the unknown and uncertain. there is less government involvement and they tolerate differences fairly well. |
high & low power distancehigh power distance- these cultures believe that inequalities in power and status are natural. those with power emphasize it and do not share it. | low power distance- these cultures think that inequalities in power and status is largely fake. those with power deemphasize it and share power as much a possible. |
culture shock and integration stages1. initial enthusiasm (honeymoon)- happens during the first week or two in a country and the attitude towards the country is generally positive. | 2. initial country & culture shock- within the first few weeks, more realistic and mixed reactions. | 3. initial adjustment- happens after several weeks, some aspects of the country & culture now seem normal. | 4. further culture shock- in the first few months, you experience withdraw and more obstacles to overcome. | 5. further adjustment- happens after settling-in, you adapt and understand the culture better. |
sources of culturereligion- whatever religion a country had, they will carry the same ideology when establishing their culture and values in their government documents, laws, and norms. | geography- the earliest imprints of a country is affected by their location, which includes dangers, risks, safety, isolation as well as (un)limited resources and opportunity. | attitude- countries that start after any form of repression will establish their law and values with the mind of not repeating their previously experienced history. | individual personality- citizens of a country will share common characteristics (hard working, distant, kind, etc) based on the historical events of that country. |
the four levels of cultural awarenessI. unconscious incompetence- the first state when you are unaware of cultural differences. | II. conscious incompetence- when you realize there are differences and things you don't understand. | III. conscious competence- you know some cultural differences and adjust your behavior to replace your old instincts with new ones. | IV. unconscious competence- the last state when appropriate behavior is now automatic and you are reconditioned by the new culture. |
this is the cycle of adjustment when your awareness of a new country & culture naturally increases. | | personal and social obligationsuniversalism- there are no exception for anyone and everyone and every situation must be treated the same without bias. | particularism- it all depends on the circumstances and how is involved, life is not fair and exceptions are always made. |
no culture is completely universal or particular, but the culture as a whole tends toward one side. ethnocentrismstage 1: denial- this is when someone doesn't believe in cultural differences and impose their values onto others. | stage 2: defense- the person believes in cultural differences now but view other cultures negatively and inferior to their own. | stage 3: minimization- now they don't think that those who are different are inferior, but rather that the differences are not significant. they trivialize differences and believe people are more similar than dissimilar. |
ethnorelativismstage 4: acceptance- the person accepts differences as being deep and legitimate, they are more tolerant to other's differences and are neutral about differences. | stage 5: adaptation and integration- the person becomes positive about differences and are willing to adjust their own behaviors to conform to different norms, these people are known as bicultural or multicultural. |
degree of controlinternal control- the person controls their own life and there are no limits on what they can do if they focus and make effort. | external control- the person does not have control over their life, some aspects are already decided and there are limits on what they can do. |
source of statusachieved status- is a doing culture, status does not come from birth, age, rank, or seniority. | ascribed status- is a being culture, statues is already established and where on is born, family, and social class matter. |
Related to power distance as well as individualism and collectivism. gestures and body languagepercent of communication through words | | 7 | percent of communication in voice (tone, volume, etc.) | | 38 | percent of communication in body language (non-verbal) | | 55 | percent of emotion that in non-verbal | | 90 |
styles of communicationdirect and low context- these cultures tend to be individualistic and monochromatic, the society is very mixed so nothing can be assumed. | indirect and high context- these cultures tend to be collective and homogenous, indirect and nonverbal communication is much more important. |
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