People
Abraham Maslow |
Analyzed how motives affect us |
Albert Bandura |
Conducted research on personality, behavior therapy, and aggression |
Albert Ellis |
Came up with catastrophic thinking and said it leads to problematic emotional reactions |
Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess |
Said nature and nurture affected a child's temperament |
Alfred Adler |
Studied individual psychology, striving for superiority, and compensation |
Carl Jung |
Coined archetypes, introversion, extroversion, personal/collective unconscious |
Carl Rogers |
Founder of humanism that emphasized personal growth |
Erik Erikson |
Said people evolve through 8 stages marked by a fundamental question |
Hans Eysenck |
Said all aspects of personality emerge from extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism |
Hans Selye |
First to identify and name stress in 1940s |
Harry Harlow |
Conducted experiment of monkeys to show relationship between caregiving and companionship |
Janice Kiecolt-Glaser |
Related stress to suppressed immune activity |
Jean Piaget |
Theory about how kids view the world and proposed four stages of cognitive development |
Jerome Kagan |
Focused on childhood fear and came up with inhibited (shy) and uninhibited (bold) personalities |
Lev Vygotsky |
Tested the effects of culture and communication on development |
Lawrence Kohlberg |
Focused on moral development and made the moral development of the sick wife and stealing |
Martin Seligman |
Came up with the theory of learned helplessness |
Mary Ainsworth |
Studied attachment styles between child and caregiver; experiment on attachment styles |
Meyer Friedmpan and Ray Rosenman |
Found the positive correlation between heart conditions and Type A personality |
Richard Lazarus |
Made a scale to handle every day hassle stress |
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa |
Came up with the big five personalities |
Robin DiMatteo |
Said people delay seeing a specialist because they're afraid of it being nothing, downplay symptoms, don't want to bother a doctor, or are too busy |
Shelley Taylor |
Concluded that females have a "tend and befriend" response rather than "fight of flight" |
Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe |
Developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to measure life changes as forms of stress |
Walter Cannon |
One of the first people to describe fight or flight |
Walter Mischel |
Chief contributor to personality theory and focused on situational factors and behavior |
Personality Tests
Minnesota Multiphasic |
Tests for abnormal personality styles |
Personality Inventory |
Self-report questionnaire that asks about a person's life to make generalizations about them |
Projective Tests |
Participants respond to vague stimuli that may reveal things about them |
Rorschach Test |
Participants shown vague inkblots that allow psychologists to trace their train of thought |
Self Report Invetories |
Personality tests that ask questions about one's behavior |
Conflicts
Approach-Approach |
Choosing between two attractive/desirable options |
Approach-Avoidance |
Choosing an option that has both positive and negative attributes |
Avoidance-Avoidance |
Choosing between two unattractive/undesirable options |
Erik Erickson's Theory of Development
1 (Hope) |
Trust vs. Mistrust |
0-18 months |
2 (Will) |
Freedom vs. Shame/Doubt |
1.5-3 years |
3 (Purpose) |
Initiative vs. Guilt |
3-5 years |
4 (Competency) |
Industry vs. Inferiority |
5-13 years |
5 (Fidelity) |
Identity vs. Confusion |
13-21 years |
6 (Love) |
Intimacy vs. Isolation |
21-39 years |
7 (Care) |
Generativity vs. Self Absorption |
40-65 years |
8 (Wisdom) |
Integrity vs. Despair |
65+ |
Jean Piaget's Theory of Development
Sensorimotor |
Object permanence established |
0-24 months |
Preoperational |
Centration and egocentrism established |
2-7 years |
Concrete Operational |
Decentration, reversibility, and conservation established |
7-11 years |
Formal Operational |
Abstraction developed |
11+ years |
Kohlberg's Theory of Development
Preconventional |
Punishment and naive reward |
0-4 years |
Conventional |
Conformity and authority |
4-13 years |
Post Conventional |
Social contract and individual principles |
13+ years |
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Big 5 Personalities
Neuroticism |
Conscientiousness |
Extraversion |
Agreeableness |
Openness |
Pregnancy
Age of Viability |
Age at which babies can survive if a premature birth were to happen; Currently 26-28 weeks |
Embryonic Stage |
Second stage of prenatal development; 2 weeks-8 weeks |
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
Problems associated with excessive drinking during pregnancy |
Fetal Stage |
Third stage of prenatal development; 2 months- birth |
Germinal Stage |
First phase of prenatal development; conception- 2 weeks |
Placenta |
Allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into fetus from mom and for waste to exit |
Prenatal Period |
Extends from conception to birth |
Teratogen |
External factors that can negatively affect a baby negatively |
Zygote |
One celled organism formed by union of sperm and egg |
Puberty/Sex/Gender
Gender |
Culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity |
Gender Differences |
Actual differences between sexes in behavior and ability |
Gender Roles |
Expectations about what's appropriate for each sex |
Gender Stereotypes |
Wildly help beliefs about male and female abilities, personality traits, and behaviors |
Menarche |
First menstruation cycle |
Primary Sex Characteristic |
Structures needed for reproduction |
Puberty |
Period of sexual maturation where one is able to reproduce |
Pubescence Secondary |
Secondary sex characteristics (ex. breasts) |
Sex Characteristics |
Physical or behavioral traits that indicate biological sex |
Spermarche |
First occurrence of ejaculation |
Sex |
Biologically based categories of male and female |
Self
Altruism |
Selfless actions done for the sake of someone else |
Archetypes |
Thought forms with a universal meaning |
Compensation |
Trying to overcome inferiorities by developing one's abilities |
Determinism |
Behavior is fully determined by environment |
Incongruence |
Inconsistency between personality and disposition |
Reciprocal Determinism |
Internal mental events, external environment, and overt behaviors affect one another |
Self-Actualizing Persons |
People with exceptionally healthy personalities with constant personal growth |
Self-Concept |
Belief's about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior |
Self-Efficacy |
One's beliefs about oneself and one's capabilities |
Striving for Superiority |
Universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges |
Superiority |
Being equal to or above others |
Responses to Stress
Aggression |
Behavior intended to harm someone either physically or mentally |
Burnout |
Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and low self-efficacy brought on by work-related stress |
Catharsis |
Release of emotional tension |
Constructive Coping |
Healthful efforts made to cope with stress |
Coping |
Efforts made to master, reduce, or tolerate demands made by stress |
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis |
States that there is a correlation between frustration and aggression |
Immune Response |
Body's defensive reaction to invasion by foreign substances |
Internet Addiction |
Spending a lot of time on the internet and not being able to control it |
Learned Helplessness |
Behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable events |
Psychosomatic Diseases |
Psychical illnesses caused by stress and other psychological factors |
Resilience |
Successful adaptation to stress/trauma because of less negative outcomes |
Attachment
Anxious-Ambivalent |
Never 100% happy, anxious with mom and drama without mom |
Attachment |
Close bonds established between baby and caregiver |
Avoidant |
Indifferent |
Difficult Temperament |
Colic, upset babies, schedule not flexible at all; 10% of babies |
Easy Temperament |
Happy, flexible schedule for eating and sleeping; 40% of babies |
Mixed Temperament |
More than one temperament; 35% of babies |
Secure |
Happy with mom, drama without mom |
Separation Anxiety |
Distress caused to children when they're separated from someone they're attached to |
Slow to Warm Up Temperament |
Schedule not as flexible but not super hard to change; 15% of babies |
Tempermant |
One's mood, activity, and emotional reactivity |
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Development
Cephalocaudel Trend |
Head to foot development of motor skills |
Cognitive Development |
Transition in pattern of thinking for young people which includes reasoning, remembering, and problem solving |
Cohort Effects |
Age group differences occur when both generations grow up in different time periods |
Conservation |
Awareness that physical quantities remain constant despite change in shape |
Development |
Sequence of age related changes from conception to death |
Developmental Norms |
Typical age at which behaviors and abilities are displayed |
Egocentrism |
Only understanding things from one's POV |
Irreversibility |
Inability to envision the reversal of an action |
Maturation |
Development that shows the unfolding of DNA |
Motor Development |
Muscular coordination development needed for physical activity |
Object Permanence |
Able to understand something exists even when it is not directly visible |
Proximodistal Trend |
Center-outward direction of motor development |
Socialization |
Acquisition of norms and behaviors expected in society |
Stage |
Developmental period where patterns of behaviors are shown and capacities are established |
Temperament |
One's mood, activity, and emotional reactivity |
Zone of Proximal Development |
Questions answered with help- questions answered alone |
Conscious/ Unconscious
Collective Unconscious |
Latent memory from one's past which is shaped amongst a group of people (ex. 9/11) |
Conscious |
Whatever one is aware of at a given time |
Ego |
Decision making part of personality that relies on reality |
Id |
Instinctive component of personality that works with pleasure |
Personal Unconscious |
Oppressed memory which is unique to one person |
Pleasure Principle |
Wants immediate gratification; part of Id |
Preconscious |
Just beneath the surface of awareness that is easily retrievable |
Reality Principle |
Delay's Id's gratification until proper outlets and locations are found |
Superego |
Moral part of personality that deals with rights and wrongs |
Unconscious |
Thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of preconscious |
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms |
Unconscious reaction to protect one from unpleasant emotions |
Displacement |
Diverting feeling from original source to substitute target |
Projection |
Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another |
Rationalization |
Making false but rational excuses to justify unacceptable behavior |
Reaction Formation |
Behaving in a way thats exactly the opposite of one's true feelings |
Regression |
Reversion to immature behaviors |
Repression |
Keeping distressing thoughts in the unconscious |
Sublimation |
Channeling unacceptable unconscious impulses into ones accepted by society |
Stress
Acute Stressors |
Threatening events to one's well-being that last a short period of time with a clear endpoint |
Catastrophic Thinking |
Tendency to become highly self-critical when under stress |
Chronic Stressors |
Threatening, long-term stressors with no apparent end |
Frustration |
Pursuit of a goal is interrupted |
General Adaptation Syndrome |
Model of body's stress response; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
Life Changes |
Life alterations that require readjustment |
Pressure |
Expectation to behave a certain way |
Stress |
Circumstances that threaten one's well-being and ability to cope |
Personality Types
Type A Personality |
Competitive, impatient, angry, and hostile |
Type B Personality |
Relaxed, patient, and easygoing |
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