PeopleAbraham Maslow | Analyzed how motives affect us | Albert Bandura | Conducted research on personality, behavior therapy, and aggression | Albert Ellis | Came up with catastrophic thinking and said it leads to problematic emotional reactions | Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess | Said nature and nurture affected a child's temperament | Alfred Adler | Studied individual psychology, striving for superiority, and compensation | Carl Jung | Coined archetypes, introversion, extroversion, personal/collective unconscious | Carl Rogers | Founder of humanism that emphasized personal growth | Erik Erikson | Said people evolve through 8 stages marked by a fundamental question | Hans Eysenck | Said all aspects of personality emerge from extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism | Hans Selye | First to identify and name stress in 1940s | Harry Harlow | Conducted experiment of monkeys to show relationship between caregiving and companionship | Janice Kiecolt-Glaser | Related stress to suppressed immune activity | Jean Piaget | Theory about how kids view the world and proposed four stages of cognitive development | Jerome Kagan | Focused on childhood fear and came up with inhibited (shy) and uninhibited (bold) personalities | Lev Vygotsky | Tested the effects of culture and communication on development | Lawrence Kohlberg | Focused on moral development and made the moral development of the sick wife and stealing | Martin Seligman | Came up with the theory of learned helplessness | Mary Ainsworth | Studied attachment styles between child and caregiver; experiment on attachment styles | Meyer Friedmpan and Ray Rosenman | Found the positive correlation between heart conditions and Type A personality | Richard Lazarus | Made a scale to handle every day hassle stress | Robert McCrae and Paul Costa | Came up with the big five personalities | Robin DiMatteo | Said people delay seeing a specialist because they're afraid of it being nothing, downplay symptoms, don't want to bother a doctor, or are too busy | Shelley Taylor | Concluded that females have a "tend and befriend" response rather than "fight of flight" | Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe | Developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to measure life changes as forms of stress | Walter Cannon | One of the first people to describe fight or flight | Walter Mischel | Chief contributor to personality theory and focused on situational factors and behavior |
Personality TestsMinnesota Multiphasic | Tests for abnormal personality styles | Personality Inventory | Self-report questionnaire that asks about a person's life to make generalizations about them | Projective Tests | Participants respond to vague stimuli that may reveal things about them | Rorschach Test | Participants shown vague inkblots that allow psychologists to trace their train of thought | Self Report Invetories | Personality tests that ask questions about one's behavior |
ConflictsApproach-Approach | Choosing between two attractive/desirable options | Approach-Avoidance | Choosing an option that has both positive and negative attributes | Avoidance-Avoidance | Choosing between two unattractive/undesirable options |
Erik Erickson's Theory of Development1 (Hope) | Trust vs. Mistrust | 0-18 months | 2 (Will) | Freedom vs. Shame/Doubt | 1.5-3 years | 3 (Purpose) | Initiative vs. Guilt | 3-5 years | 4 (Competency) | Industry vs. Inferiority | 5-13 years | 5 (Fidelity) | Identity vs. Confusion | 13-21 years | 6 (Love) | Intimacy vs. Isolation | 21-39 years | 7 (Care) | Generativity vs. Self Absorption | 40-65 years | 8 (Wisdom) | Integrity vs. Despair | 65+ |
Jean Piaget's Theory of DevelopmentSensorimotor | Object permanence established | 0-24 months | Preoperational | Centration and egocentrism established | 2-7 years | Concrete Operational | Decentration, reversibility, and conservation established | 7-11 years | Formal Operational | Abstraction developed | 11+ years |
Kohlberg's Theory of DevelopmentPreconventional | Punishment and naive reward | 0-4 years | Conventional | Conformity and authority | 4-13 years | Post Conventional | Social contract and individual principles | 13+ years |
| | Big 5 PersonalitiesNeuroticism | Conscientiousness | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Openness |
PregnancyAge of Viability | Age at which babies can survive if a premature birth were to happen; Currently 26-28 weeks | Embryonic Stage | Second stage of prenatal development; 2 weeks-8 weeks | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Problems associated with excessive drinking during pregnancy | Fetal Stage | Third stage of prenatal development; 2 months- birth | Germinal Stage | First phase of prenatal development; conception- 2 weeks | Placenta | Allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into fetus from mom and for waste to exit | Prenatal Period | Extends from conception to birth | Teratogen | External factors that can negatively affect a baby negatively | Zygote | One celled organism formed by union of sperm and egg |
Puberty/Sex/GenderGender | Culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity | Gender Differences | Actual differences between sexes in behavior and ability | Gender Roles | Expectations about what's appropriate for each sex | Gender Stereotypes | Wildly help beliefs about male and female abilities, personality traits, and behaviors | Menarche | First menstruation cycle | Primary Sex Characteristic | Structures needed for reproduction | Puberty | Period of sexual maturation where one is able to reproduce | Pubescence Secondary | Secondary sex characteristics (ex. breasts) | Sex Characteristics | Physical or behavioral traits that indicate biological sex | Spermarche | First occurrence of ejaculation | Sex | Biologically based categories of male and female |
SelfAltruism | Selfless actions done for the sake of someone else | Archetypes | Thought forms with a universal meaning | Compensation | Trying to overcome inferiorities by developing one's abilities | Determinism | Behavior is fully determined by environment | Incongruence | Inconsistency between personality and disposition | Reciprocal Determinism | Internal mental events, external environment, and overt behaviors affect one another | Self-Actualizing Persons | People with exceptionally healthy personalities with constant personal growth | Self-Concept | Belief's about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior | Self-Efficacy | One's beliefs about oneself and one's capabilities | Striving for Superiority | Universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges | Superiority | Being equal to or above others |
Responses to StressAggression | Behavior intended to harm someone either physically or mentally | Burnout | Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and low self-efficacy brought on by work-related stress | Catharsis | Release of emotional tension | Constructive Coping | Healthful efforts made to cope with stress | Coping | Efforts made to master, reduce, or tolerate demands made by stress | Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis | States that there is a correlation between frustration and aggression | Immune Response | Body's defensive reaction to invasion by foreign substances | Internet Addiction | Spending a lot of time on the internet and not being able to control it | Learned Helplessness | Behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable events | Psychosomatic Diseases | Psychical illnesses caused by stress and other psychological factors | Resilience | Successful adaptation to stress/trauma because of less negative outcomes |
AttachmentAnxious-Ambivalent | Never 100% happy, anxious with mom and drama without mom | Attachment | Close bonds established between baby and caregiver | Avoidant | Indifferent | Difficult Temperament | Colic, upset babies, schedule not flexible at all; 10% of babies | Easy Temperament | Happy, flexible schedule for eating and sleeping; 40% of babies | Mixed Temperament | More than one temperament; 35% of babies | Secure | Happy with mom, drama without mom | Separation Anxiety | Distress caused to children when they're separated from someone they're attached to | Slow to Warm Up Temperament | Schedule not as flexible but not super hard to change; 15% of babies | Tempermant | One's mood, activity, and emotional reactivity |
| | DevelopmentCephalocaudel Trend | Head to foot development of motor skills | Cognitive Development | Transition in pattern of thinking for young people which includes reasoning, remembering, and problem solving | Cohort Effects | Age group differences occur when both generations grow up in different time periods | Conservation | Awareness that physical quantities remain constant despite change in shape | Development | Sequence of age related changes from conception to death | Developmental Norms | Typical age at which behaviors and abilities are displayed | Egocentrism | Only understanding things from one's POV | Irreversibility | Inability to envision the reversal of an action | Maturation | Development that shows the unfolding of DNA | Motor Development | Muscular coordination development needed for physical activity | Object Permanence | Able to understand something exists even when it is not directly visible | Proximodistal Trend | Center-outward direction of motor development | Socialization | Acquisition of norms and behaviors expected in society | Stage | Developmental period where patterns of behaviors are shown and capacities are established | Temperament | One's mood, activity, and emotional reactivity | Zone of Proximal Development | Questions answered with help- questions answered alone |
Conscious/ UnconsciousCollective Unconscious | Latent memory from one's past which is shaped amongst a group of people (ex. 9/11) | Conscious | Whatever one is aware of at a given time | Ego | Decision making part of personality that relies on reality | Id | Instinctive component of personality that works with pleasure | Personal Unconscious | Oppressed memory which is unique to one person | Pleasure Principle | Wants immediate gratification; part of Id | Preconscious | Just beneath the surface of awareness that is easily retrievable | Reality Principle | Delay's Id's gratification until proper outlets and locations are found | Superego | Moral part of personality that deals with rights and wrongs | Unconscious | Thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of preconscious |
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms | Unconscious reaction to protect one from unpleasant emotions | Displacement | Diverting feeling from original source to substitute target | Projection | Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another | Rationalization | Making false but rational excuses to justify unacceptable behavior | Reaction Formation | Behaving in a way thats exactly the opposite of one's true feelings | Regression | Reversion to immature behaviors | Repression | Keeping distressing thoughts in the unconscious | Sublimation | Channeling unacceptable unconscious impulses into ones accepted by society |
StressAcute Stressors | Threatening events to one's well-being that last a short period of time with a clear endpoint | Catastrophic Thinking | Tendency to become highly self-critical when under stress | Chronic Stressors | Threatening, long-term stressors with no apparent end | Frustration | Pursuit of a goal is interrupted | General Adaptation Syndrome | Model of body's stress response; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion | Life Changes | Life alterations that require readjustment | Pressure | Expectation to behave a certain way | Stress | Circumstances that threaten one's well-being and ability to cope |
Personality TypesType A Personality | Competitive, impatient, angry, and hostile | Type B Personality | Relaxed, patient, and easygoing |
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