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Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP & ADP |
ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added |
Energy is used and it turns back into ADP-repeat |
Carbs make ATP the most |
Fats store the most NRG |
Proteins are the least likely to be broken down to make ATP |
Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation |
Alcoholic fermentation |
occurs in muscle |
1. glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation |
1. glycolysis splits glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules |
2. NRG from 2 NADH is used to split 2 pyruvate into 2 alcohol molecules and 2 CO2 |
2. 2 pyruvates and 2 NADH enter fermentation |
3. NADH is recycled back into NAD+ |
3. NRG from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid |
4. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis |
NADH changed back to NAD+ |
used in food production and by bacteria |
-Does not produce ATP
-Anaerobic
photosynthesis vs. cell respiration
Photosynthesis |
Cell respiration |
in chloroplasts |
in mitochondria |
reactants- CO2, water, NRG |
reactants- sugar, oxygen, NRG |
ETC-thylakoid membrane |
ETC- inner membrane |
chem rxn cycles-calvin cycle |
krebs cycle |
products- sugar, oxygen |
CO2, water, ATP |
ETC- electron transport chain
Photosynthesis
light-dependent rxn/ Stage 1 |
Stage 2/Calvin Cycle/light-indep |
grana- stacks of coin shaped membranes; each compartment is called a thylakoid |
stroma-fluid that surrounds grana-stage 2: light indep |
grana-stage 1- light dependent reactions |
1. CO2 molecules are added to 5 carbon molecules=6 carbon molecule |
Stage 1: sunlight is absorbed, NRG transferred along thylakoid membrane to stage 2-oxygen released. |
2. NRG from stage 1 is used by enzymes to split 6 carbon into 2 3 carbons |
photosystem 2- capture and transfer NRG |
3. 1 high NRG 3 carbon molecule leaves cycle. After 2 3 carbon molecules have left, they bonf together to make a 6 carbon molecule |
1. e- enter ETC |
2. e- and H+ are released and O is released as a waste |
3. e- move from protein to protein releasing NRG to pump H+ ions in thylakoid |
photosystem 1- captures NRG & produces NRG carrying molecules |
4. e- are energized and leave the thylakoid membrane |
5. NADPH is transferred to light indep rxn |
6. concentration of H+ ions is higher inside thylakoid membrane |
6 cont. difference is called chemiosmotic gradient & stores NRG-ions flow through protein channel by diffusion |
7. adds phosphate group to ADP as H+ ions flow through |
photosynthesis formula- 6CO2+6H20→→→→C6H12O6+6O2
NRG=energy
Cell Respiration
glycolysis |
Krebs Cycle |
Electron transport chain |
Does not require oxygen |
produces NRG carrying molecules |
uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP |
splits glucose into 2 three carbon molecules |
1. pyruvate is broken down |
H+ ions flow through protein channel in membrane |
produces 2 ATP molecules |
2. intermediate molecule enters w?/ CoA |
ATP synthase produces ATP |
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3. citric acid is formed |
water is formed when oxygen picks up e- and H+ ions |
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4. citric acid is broken down, CO2 is released, NADh is made |
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5. 5-carbon molecule is broken down, CO2 is released, NADH & ATP are made |
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6. 4-carbon molecule is rearranged, NADH and FADH2 are made |
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takes place in the matrix |
Cell respiration takes place in the mitochondria
NRG-energy
formula- C6H12O6+6O2→→→→6CO2+6H2O
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