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Chemical Energy and ATPATP & ADP | ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added | Energy is used and it turns back into ADP-repeat | Carbs make ATP the most | Fats store the most NRG | Proteins are the least likely to be broken down to make ATP |
FermentationLactic acid fermentation | Alcoholic fermentation | occurs in muscle | 1. glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation | 1. glycolysis splits glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules | 2. NRG from 2 NADH is used to split 2 pyruvate into 2 alcohol molecules and 2 CO2 | 2. 2 pyruvates and 2 NADH enter fermentation | 3. NADH is recycled back into NAD+ | 3. NRG from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid | 4. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis | NADH changed back to NAD+ | used in food production and by bacteria |
-Does not produce ATP
-Anaerobic photosynthesis vs. cell respirationPhotosynthesis | Cell respiration | in chloroplasts | in mitochondria | reactants- CO2, water, NRG | reactants- sugar, oxygen, NRG | ETC-thylakoid membrane | ETC- inner membrane | chem rxn cycles-calvin cycle | krebs cycle | products- sugar, oxygen | CO2, water, ATP |
ETC- electron transport chain Photosynthesislight-dependent rxn/ Stage 1 | Stage 2/Calvin Cycle/light-indep | grana- stacks of coin shaped membranes; each compartment is called a thylakoid | stroma-fluid that surrounds grana-stage 2: light indep | grana-stage 1- light dependent reactions | 1. CO2 molecules are added to 5 carbon molecules=6 carbon molecule | Stage 1: sunlight is absorbed, NRG transferred along thylakoid membrane to stage 2-oxygen released. | 2. NRG from stage 1 is used by enzymes to split 6 carbon into 2 3 carbons | photosystem 2- capture and transfer NRG | 3. 1 high NRG 3 carbon molecule leaves cycle. After 2 3 carbon molecules have left, they bonf together to make a 6 carbon molecule | 1. e- enter ETC | 2. e- and H+ are released and O is released as a waste | 3. e- move from protein to protein releasing NRG to pump H+ ions in thylakoid | photosystem 1- captures NRG & produces NRG carrying molecules | 4. e- are energized and leave the thylakoid membrane | 5. NADPH is transferred to light indep rxn | 6. concentration of H+ ions is higher inside thylakoid membrane | 6 cont. difference is called chemiosmotic gradient & stores NRG-ions flow through protein channel by diffusion | 7. adds phosphate group to ADP as H+ ions flow through |
photosynthesis formula- 6CO2+6H20→→→→C6H12O6+6O2
NRG=energy Cell Respirationglycolysis | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport chain | Does not require oxygen | produces NRG carrying molecules | uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP | splits glucose into 2 three carbon molecules | 1. pyruvate is broken down | H+ ions flow through protein channel in membrane | produces 2 ATP molecules | 2. intermediate molecule enters w?/ CoA | ATP synthase produces ATP | | | 3. citric acid is formed | water is formed when oxygen picks up e- and H+ ions | | | 4. citric acid is broken down, CO2 is released, NADh is made | | | 5. 5-carbon molecule is broken down, CO2 is released, NADH & ATP are made | | | 6. 4-carbon molecule is rearranged, NADH and FADH2 are made | | | takes place in the matrix |
Cell respiration takes place in the mitochondria
NRG-energy
formula- C6H12O6+6O2→→→→6CO2+6H2O |
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