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Psychology Midterm #2 Chapter 5 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Psychology Midterm #2 Chapter 5

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Central Nervous system

Somatic Nervous system - Action of muscle and skin
Autonomic - actions you do not need to think to do, internal organs and glands
Sympat­hetic - energy levels increase and stress response, fight or flight, can not stay in it for long, at a healthy dose can be good
Parasy­mpa­thetic - allows us to calm down, back to normal heart rate etc..
problems occur when people can not turn off the sympat­hetic and create stress long after the stress

Unders­tanding the brain

Franz Gall and Phrenology
phrenology (early 1800) brain is divided into different regions and each one of the regions is respon­sible for different parts of someones person­ality. Bigger the region the more influence it has on the person
you can tell things about someone person­ality by the shape of their skull
one thing they got right is that you can divide the brain into regions and each one served a different functions
the more brain area devoted to a specific function the more influence will have

Divisions of the brain

modern brain can be divided into 4 different lobe
temporal lobe - auditory proces­sing, language and memory, taste and smell. Hippoc­ampus involved in developing memory found in temporal lobe. Damage brain = loss of sense of taste
frontal lobe - planning, organizing and impulse control. How to get through a problem is very depending on the frontal lobe. Damage to brain = impulse control, say and do random things. Origin of all motor control
Pariental lobe - touch and spatial awareness. Damage = person stops being who they are, spacial awareness. Unconsious awareness of space
Occitpital lobe - visual proces­sing. very back of the brain
Cerebllum - motor movement. Bottom of the brain. Damage = speech problems or movement problems
Two side of Brain - whatever is happening on the left side is happening on the right

Human brain

100 billion neurons in a healthy adult brain
surface area of the brain - Gyrus (pl. gyri ) hills - Sulcus (pl. sulci) valley - fissure, deep sulcus, define left from right
cerebral hemisp­heres - connected by the corpus callosum. super highway of signals. everything we do needs both hemisphere working together
Orient­ation of the brain
Structure towards the brains midline are medial, those located towards the sides are lateral
Anterior is in front, posterior is at the back
Structures towards the bottom of the brain or one if its part of ventral
Structures atop of the brain or structure within the brain are dorsal

Blood circul­ation in the brain

Brain matter
circul­ating throughout the brain - blood
oxygen - moves very freely to blood cells
Stroke - loss of blood flow in brain
Ischemic stroke - kills brain cells - blood blockage - blood thinner allows blood to flow more free
Hermor­hagic stroke - brain bleed - blood mixes with brain cells - runaway immune cause more damage
blood brain barrier
most things are unable to pass into blood - protective thing
more active different regions are during its task the more blood flow is required

techniques for studying the brain - Histol­ogical

the brain is sectioned and sliced psotmortem and neuronal loss is examined
if there is damage to the brain you can actually see it
measure cell loss
best way to study the brain and collect data
downside: person has to be dead

techniques for studying the brain - Histol­ogical

the brain is sectioned and sliced psotmortem and neuronal loss is examined
if there is damage to the brain you can actually see it
measure cell loss
best way to study the brain and collect data
downside: person has to be dead

Nervous System

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
PNS- sensory connec­tions to receptors, motor connec­tions
 

Brain stem

Medulla - controls heart rate and breathing
Reticular formation - wake up from sleep, allows you to become consci­ously aware that you are no longer sleeping
pons - bridge to the cerablem, deep sleep to rem sleep

complex behaviour vs. basic

forebrain (cortex) - respon­sible for most complex behaviour. example: language, reasoning, etc...
brainstem - source of much of our uncons­cious behaviours that are critical for survival

Measuring electrical activity in the brain

electe­onc­eph­alo­graphy (EEG)
slow waves
electrical activity in the brain forms different wave pattern

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

visual pathways of the brain
neurop­athways - different kinds of signals pathways

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

can produce more detail than CT scan
can identify specific tissue

comput­erized tomography (CT scan)

x-ray passed through the brain at many different angles creating many different images

static imaging techniques

 

Near-i­nfrared spectr­oscopy

identify oxygen in blood
uses light to identify blood that has less oxygen
completely non-in­vasive
real time measur­ement - person is doing a task
safe
downside - limited to the outside of the brain because light can not travel deep enough into the brain

functional magnetic imaging (fMRI)

change in the oxygen content of the blood alter its magnetic properties
functional - used while a person carries out a task
tissue that is higher in oxygen can stay out
measured in blood flow
does not require a tracer - less invasive

PET scanning

exploit blood flow
targets compounds like glucose - radioa­ctive tracer
real-time measur­ement
Identify what regions of the brain is active during a task - ex. listening to a person speak