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Sensation and Perception
sensation |
stimulation fo sense organs |
perception |
selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input |
Information Processing in the Retina
receptive field of visual light |
the retina area that when stimulated affects firing of that cell |
light in the center of receptive field |
increases firing rate |
light in the outside of receptive field |
decreases firing rate |
lateral antagonism |
occurs when neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells |
Perceiving Forms, Pattern and Objects
Feature Analysis |
process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them in to a more complex form |
bottom up |
individual to whole |
top down |
whole to elements |
phi phenomenon |
illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid success |
gestalt principles |
how the visual system organizes a scene into discreet forms |
Theories of Hearing
place theory |
perception pitch corresponds to the vibration of different places along the basilar membrane |
frequency theory |
perception of pitch corresponds to the rate/ frequency at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates |
Taste and Smell
cilia |
receptive for smell in nose |
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Psychophysics
psychophysics |
study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience |
Signal Detection Theory |
the detection of stimuli involves decision proccesses along as sensory processes which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity |
Vision and the Brain
two channels |
magnocellular and parvocellular |
Perceiving Depth or Distance
binocular depth cues |
clues about distance based on the differing views of hte two eyes |
retinal disparity |
refers to the fact that object within 25 feet project to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas so each eye sees a slight different view of the object |
convergence |
involves sensing the eye converging towards each other as they focus on closer objects |
monocular depth cues |
clues about the distance move across the retina at different rates |
motion parallax |
images at different distances move across the retina at different rates |
pictorial depth cues |
cues about distance that can be given i na flat picture |
Other Senses
kinaesthetic system |
monitors the position of the various parts of the body |
vestibular system |
responds to gravity and keeps you informed of your body's location in space |
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Sight
amplitude |
brightness |
wavelength |
perception of color |
Information Processing in the Visual Cortex
feature detectors |
neurons that respond selectively to a very specific features of more complex stimuli |
viewing the world in color
wavelength |
hue |
amplitude |
brightness |
purity |
saturation |
subtractive color mixing |
works by removing some wavelngth of light, leaving less light than originally there |
additive color mixing |
works by superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself |
trichromatic theory |
color vision holds that the human eye has 3 types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths |
opponent process theory |
color vision holds that colour perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colour |
Hearing
wavelength |
frequency or hertz |
amplitude |
decibels |
external ear |
vibrations of air |
middle ear |
vibration of movable bones |
inner ear |
waves in a fluid |
pinna |
sound collecting cone |
Perceiving Sources of Sound
most important for finding source of sound |
loudness and timing |
Touch
receptive field for touch |
when touched neurons fire to the brain alerting it |
pain has two pathways to the brain |
slow and fast |
gate control theory |
incoming pain sensations must pass through a "gate" i nteh spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals |
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