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Ch 13: Meiosis; Ch 14: Mendelian Genetics; Ch 15: Chromosomes
Mutations
mutation |
genetic or chromosomal (deletion, inversion, translocation, polyploidy) abnormality |
karyotype |
diagram that shows size, #, & shape of chromosomes |
nondisjunction |
failed separation of homologous chromosomesaneuploidy(trisomy, polyploidy |
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Mendelian Laws
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Law of Dominance offspring of 2 organisms that are homozygous for 2 opposing traits will be hybrid but will only exhibit the dominant trait and not the recessive trait
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Law of Segregation during formation of gametes, the 2 traits carried by each parent will separate
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Law of Independent Assortment alleles of a gene for one trait segregate independently from alleles of a gene for another trait (applies w/dihybrid cross)
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Genes
linked |
genes on the same chromosome |
sex-linked |
traits carried on X chromosome |
linkage mapping |
distance between genes on chromosome=chance of separation by crossing over |
recombination frequency |
=total recombinants/total # offspring x100 |
pedigree |
used to determine how traits are inherited |
Barr body |
inactivated X chromosome in each female mammal's somatic cellgenetic mosaic |
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Types of Crosses
monohybrid cross |
Tt x Tt; phenotype ratio=3:1; genotype ratio=1:2:1 |
testcross |
B/__ x b/b to determine B/__'s genotype |
dihybrid cross |
TtYy x TtYy; can produce 4 types of gametes & phenotype ratio=9:3:3:1 |
Types of Inheritance
incomplete dominance |
hybrids show blending of traits |
codominance |
hybrids show both traits |
multiple alleles |
more than 2 allelic forms |
pleiotropy |
1 gene affects an organism in several/many ways |
epistasis |
2 genes, 1 trait; 1 masks expression of the other |
polygenic |
blending of several genes that vary along a continuum |
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Great cheat sheet! Thanks for sharing!
helpful! thanks<3
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