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Ch 3: Water; Ch 4: Carbon; Ch 5: Large Biomolecules; Ch 8: Metabolism
Properties of Water
Polarity:
- allows cohesion, adhesion, surface tension
High Specific Heat:
- resists temp change
- high heat of vaporization
- allows evaporative cooling (high energy particles vaporize)
Universal Solvent:
- dissolves hydrophilic/repels hydrophobic |
Properties of Carbon
tetravalence |
4 bonds->complex molecules |
hydrocarbons |
C and H, release energy |
structural isomer |
differs in covalent arrangement of atoms |
geometric isomer |
differs in spacial arrangements around double bonds |
enantiomer |
mirror image of 4 molecules attached to asymmetric carbon |
Functional Groups
-OH |
hydroxyl |
polar/hydrophilic |
-CH3 |
methyl |
nonpolar/hydrophobic |
-COOH |
carboxyl |
polar/hydrophilic |
-COH |
carbonyl |
polar/hydrophilic |
-NH2 |
amino |
polar/hydrophilic |
-SH |
sulfhydryl |
nonpolar/hydrophobic |
-PO4 |
phosphate |
polar/hydrophilic |
Acids and Bases
Acid |
increases H+ in solution |
Base |
reduces H+ in solution (accepts H+or donates OH-) |
pH |
=-log[H+] |
Buffer |
accepts/donates H+ to stabilize pH |
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Metabolism
metabolic pathway |
a specific molecule that is altered in defined steps catalyzed by enzymes that result in a certain product |
catabolic pathway |
releases energy by breaking down complex molecules |
anabolic pathway |
consumes energy to build more complex molecules |
energy |
the capacity to cause change or rearrange matter |
Laws of Thermodynamics
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1st Law of Thermodynamics energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics every energy transfer/transformation increases the entropy of the universe; a process must increase entropy to be spontaneous
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Free Energy
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Gibbs free energy- ΔG=ΔH-TΔS energy in a temp/pressure constant system that can perform work
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exergonic has a net release of free energy (-ΔG)
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endergonic absorbs free energy (+ΔG)
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ATP ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups
hydrolyzed to ADP+Pᵢ
phosphorylated molecules=more reactive
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Large Biomolecules
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Carbohydrates -monosaccharides held by glycosidic linkages
-energy storage, structure, protection
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Lipids -fatty acids held by ester linkages
-hydrophobic, saturated/unsaturated, hormones
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Nucleic Acids -nucleotides held by phosphodiester H-bonds
-enable reproduction, controls protein synthesis
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Proteins -amino acids held by peptide bonds
-follow varied instructions from DNA
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Enzymes
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Enzymes these macromolecules act as catalysts that lower activation energy barriers by forming an induced fit w/substrate in the active site
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Enzyme Activation -gene regulation= enzymes produced when needed
-activators=cofactors (inorganic) and coenzymes (organic) make up and help enzymes function
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Enzyme Inhibition -competitive=inhibitor molecule binds to active site to block substrate
-allosteric=inhibitor molecule binds to allosteric site to cover or change shape of the active site
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Optimal Conditions -enzymes have optimal temp+pH
-cofactors+coenzymes bind to enzyme or substrate
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