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High Risk Disorders Part I (final) Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Hypert­ensive Disorders of Pregnancy

5-10% of pregna­ncies↑mater­nal­-fetal morbidity & mortality worldwideRisk of matern­al/­fetal injury related to CNS irrita­bilityseizuresplacental abruptionIUGR

Preecl­ampsia

•after 20 weeks •BP > 140/90 x 2 •with or without protei­nuria (PCR > 0.3)
severe features: •throm­boc­yto­penia •liver failure (LFTs 2x normal) •new renal insuff­iciency (serum creatinine > 1.1 mg/dL) •pulmonary edema •new onset cerebral or visual distur­bance

Pathop­hys­iology of Preecl­ampsia

inadequate vascular remodeling → placental perfusion & hypoxia → endoth­elial cell dysfun­ction → vasospasm & ↓ tissue perfusion
•HTN •IUGR •h/a •hyper­­re­f­lexia •seizures •scotoma •epiga­­stric pain

Preecl­ampsia RISK Factors

•Primipara < 19 yrs or > 40 yrs •Previous hx of PEC •Family hx of PEC •Multiples •Obesity •African descent
•Prege­sta­tional Diabetes •Chronic Hypert­ension •Renal disease •First pregnancy with new partner •Throm­bop­hilia

Assessment Preecl­ampsia

34yo G4P3 @ 34 weeks with BP 142/88, 145/90
Labs? ➡•CBC •platelets •ALT/AST •creat­inine •uric acid •u/s •NST •24hr urine •PCR
Prenatal follow-up? ➡•Weekly visits with AFI •BP 2x week •NST 2x week •platelets and LFTS weekly •FKC •Consider IOL @ 37 weeks
Counse­ling? ➡•Risks of IUGR •abruption •oligo­hyd­ramnios ↕ •Warning signs: •h/a •visual changes •epiga­stric pain ➡ risk of seizure

Preecl­ampsia with Severe Features

•BP >16­0/>110 •Severe features
Hospit­alized until birth ➡•Bedrest •Code cart nearby •Quiet calm low light •Padded side rails?
Frequent assessment Vitals ➡•q 10 Assess edema, clonus, DTRs •HA, visual changes •Epiga­stric pain (liver is getting involved) •Foley – strict I&O •Fetal well-being •Plate­lets, liver enzymes
If < 34-37 weeks, steroids for lung maturity

Magnesium Sulfate: Seizure Prophy­laxis

•Decreases neurom­uscular irrita­bility •Decreases CNS irrita­bility •Promotes maternal vasodi­lation
Watch for magnesium toxicity •Loss of knee-jerk reflexes •Respi­rations <12 p/min •Urine output <30­ml/hr •Cardiac or respir­atory arrest •Toxic serum levels >9 mg/dL •Thera­peutic range 5-9 mg/dL •Sign of fetal distress •Calcium Gluconate is the antidote •10% Calcium gluconate 10cc, IV

Management of Preecl­ampsia

•MAG: 4g loading dose, then 2g/hr to depress (not eliminate) reflexes •Strict I&O (consider Foley) q hour •BP check q 15-30 mins
•Pulse Ox, Lung Sounds •DTRs, Clonus, and hand grasps •FLUID RESTRI­CTION •Control hypert­ension•BP meds via IV meds if severe •Continue observ­ations 24-48hrs PP •Symptoms usually resolve within 48 hours PP

Practice Question

You are caring for a 34yo G2P1 who was admitted for IOL at 36 weeks for PEC with severe features. After you administer the Mag Sulfate bolus, the patient reports that she feels “sleepy and a little nausea­ted.” You also notice that the variab­ility of the FHR tracing is now minima­l.a­dmi­nister the Mag Sulfate bolus, the patient reports that she feels “sleepy and a little nausea­ted.” You also notice that the variab­ility of the FHR tracing is now minimal.
•What is your first action? •What would you assess? •What would you antici­pate? •What monitoring is necessary for this patient?

ECLAMPSIA

•Onset of seizure activity or coma in pregnancy without CNS lesion Treat with Magnesium Sulfate + PEC measures
•Asses­sment ➡ ↑HTN precedes seizure followed by hypote­nsion and collapse •Coma may occur •Labor may begin, putting fetus in great jeopardy
Expect postictal non-re­ass­uring FHR tracing. Allow in utero resusc­itation for 20-30 mins. •C/S risk of maternal cerebr­ova­scular hemorr­hage!

Eclampsia

•Patent airway & patient safety •ABCs •Side rails up •Call for help!Do not leave! •Suction •Prevent aspiration •Fetal Monitoring •Maternal VS •Meds(O2)

Chronic Hypert­ension in Pregnancy

Diagno­sis➡•Before pregnancy or diagnosed before 20 weeks. •Use of anti-h­ype­rte­nsives before pregnancy
•Monitor ➡Labs, u/s, NST AFI, IOL (37-38 weeks) •Persists > 12 weeks postpartum
•Risk: IUGR, PTL, placental abruption, renal failure, CHF, CVA, and superi­mposed PEC •Low dose ASA (12-36wks)
•Mild-­mod­erate: no evidence of improved outcomes with meds •CHTN with superi­mposed PEC

Chronic HTN with superi­mposed Preecl­ampsia

•HTN before 20 weeks with new onset protei­nuria •Worsening HTN plus one
1•New onset of sx2•Thro­mbo­cyt­openia3•↑liver enzymes4•Pulm­onary Edema5•New onset renal insuff­iciency •↑morb­idity for mom & fetus

Gestat­ional Hypert­ension in Pregnancy

•Elevated BP > 20 weeks •>1­40/­>90 •No protei­nuria •25% will develop PEC •If persists > 12 weeks PP ➡ CHTN

HELLP

Hemolysis •Elevated •Liver Enzymes •Low •Platelets (<100K)
•Labor­atory diagnosis with PEC •Non-s­pecific clinical presen­tation •Prompt delivery on dx vs. wait 48hrs for steroids if < 37wks
•Life threat­ening •Pulmonary edema •Acute renal failure •DIC •Abruption •Liver failure, hemorrhage •ARDS •Sepsis •Stroke

PEC, Chronic HTN, Gestat­ional HTN

Preecl­ampsia •After 20 weeks •BP >14­0/>90 x2 •Prote­inuria and/or severe features
Chronic Hypert­ension •Before 20 weeks •>1­40/­>90
Gestat­ional Hypert­ension •After 20 weeks •>1­40/­>90

PEC with severe features, HELLP

Preecl­ampsia with severe features •BP >16­0/>110 x2 or severe features •Magnesium Sulfate* •Seizure precau­tions
HELLP •May not have s/s of PEC •High maternal and fetal mortality •Progr­esses rapidly

Medica­tions you need to know (table 27-5)

•Labetalol •Nifed­ipine •Methy­ldopa •Hydra­lazine •Magnesium Sulfate•Calcium Gluconate •No ACE inhibitors •Avoid Methergine for PPH

HTN Disorders in Pregnancy

Intrap­artum Care ➡•Mate­rna­l-Fetal VS •Conti­nuous EFM •Epidural? •Fluid restri­ction? •Quiet, dark, environment
•Emergency drugs, 02 @ 10L, suction ready •Magnesium Sulfate•Calcium gluconate
Adverse Outcomes ➡•Restricted fetal growth •Placental abruption •Preterm birth •Early degene­ration of placenta

Case Study

Your client, Julie, is a G3 P2002 at 39 weeks of gestation. She presented to the high risk labor and delivery triage are an hour ago. Her blood pressure has been steadily increasing for the past 3 weeks. Today her blood pressure was 160/110, and she presents to the triage area with complaints of a severe headache and “spots in my vision.” Her cervical exam is 2 cm/80%/-2 firm midpos­ition.
•What type of pregnancy hypert­ensive disorder do you suspect Julie may have? •What other priority inform­ation is it important for the nurse to assess and gather?

Case Study cont.

Julie is admitted to the labor and delivery unit for induction for preecl­ampsia. The provider orders magnesium sulfate: 4 gram IV loading dose and then 2 grams/hour mainte­nance dose. Julie asks, “What is this medication for? Will it affect my baby?”
What is the nurse’s best reply?

Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders of Pregnancy

•Pre-e­xisting DM type 1 & 2 •GDMa-1 •GDMA-2 •Hyper­emsis gravidarum •Hyper & hypo thyroidism •PKU

Maternal Insulin Resistance Pathop­hys­iology

•Metabolic changes in pregnancy ➡ •Normal pregnancy alters maternal glucose metabo­lism, insulin produc­tion, and metabolic homeos­tasis
•Glucose is the primary fuel for the fetus•Glucose crosses the placenta, insulin does not
•Insulin needs↓­during the first trimester•Risk of hypogl­ycemia for IDM patients
•Diabe­togenic effect in second and third trimesters•↑insulin resistance•Placental hormones act as insulin antago­nists
•Expulsion of the placenta drops insulin requir­ements

Changing insulin needs during pregnancy.

Gestat­ional Diabetes (GDM)

 
•Gesta­tional Diabetes ➡•Comm­on-­His­panic, Native American, Asian, African American •Diagnosed 2nd trimester with 1 and 3 hr. GTT •Screening algorithm •High risk should screen early

•GDMA1- well controlled with diet •GDMA2- need meds

Gestat­ional Diabetes (GDM)

•Gesta­tional DM ➡•Common-Hispanic, Native American, Asian, AA•DX 2nd trimester with 1 & 3 hr. GTT •Screening algorithm •↑risk should screen early
•GDMA1- well controlled with diet •GDMA2- need meds

Gestat­ional DM

Fetal Implic­ations

•Glucose crosses the placenta •↑ fetal insulin production in response to high glucose from maternal circulation
•Fetal macrosomia •Labor risks•Maternal Risks •Fetal Risks •Newborn Risks

GDM Nursing Plans and Interv­entions

•Patient Counseling•Pathology of disease •Low-g­lycemic diet •Exercise •Teach­/De­mon­strate•Glucose monitoring •Insulin Admini­str­ation
•Signs of hypo- and hyperg­lycemia & immediate actions to be taken if signs noted •Fetal survei­llance

NCLEX HINT

Glucose Screen Gold standard is 3hr GTT.•GDMA1 – Diet controlled GDMA2 – on medication (metfo­rmin, glyburide, insulin)

Preges­tat­ional Diabetes

Monitoring and TX➡•Blood Sugar Testing •Dietary Counseling •Exercise •Insulin •Oral hypogl­ycemic •Fetal monitoring •IOL →SVB or C/S
Risks and Conseq­uences➡•IUFD •Conge­nital malfor­mations •Macro­somia •RDS •Infec­tions •Polyh­ydr­amnios •PEC, CHTN •Hyper­gly­cemia •DKA

Preges­tat­ional Diabetes

Intrap­artum➡ •Testing q hour •Fluids and insulin•(70-100 mg/dl) •Risks? •Polyh­ydr­amnios •Macro­somia
Postpartum➡ •First 24hrs: ↓insulin demands•½ dosage of insulin •PPH •Infec­tions •Breas­tfe­eding •Family planning

Hypere­mesis Gravidarum

•Severe and persistent NVP •Weight loss, electr­olyte imbalance, nutrit­ional defici­encies and ketonuria.
•Idiop­ath­ic/­Mul­tif­act­orial •Can be a debili­tating complex metabolic disorder •Linked to Hydati­diform mole

Hypere­mesis Gravid­aru­m-A­sse­ssment

•Persi­stent vomiting before 9 weeks •Ketonuria •Dehyd­ration •> 5% weight loss •Altered nutrit­ional status •Elect­rolyte imbalance (hypok­alemia)

Hypere­mesis Gravidarum Dietary Modifi­cation

•Small frequent meals •Don’t over eat •Eat what sounds good •Avoid triggers (odors) •Avoid spicy •Bland, low fat
•Cold may be more tolerable than warm •Drink from a cup with a lid and straw •Carbo­nated beverages- real ginger ale

NCLEX HINT

Research has found that infection by H. Pylori is a possible causative factor in hyperemesis.
Other pregnancy and non-pr­egnancy risk factors for hypere­mesis include:
 
•first pregna­ncy­•prior hx HG•hyp­ert­hyroid disord­ers­•mu­ltiple gestat­ion­•tr­isomy 21•tri­plo­idy­•ob­esi­ty•­female fetus

Hyper or Hypo thyroid?

HYPER•Rare in pregnancy
HYPER•­Labs: elevated T4
HYPO•R­isks: PEC, miscar­riage, GHTN, placental abruption, preterm birth, stillbirth
HYPO•Tx: Levoth­yroxine
HYPER•­Mis­car­riage, preterm birth, stillborn, infants with goiter, hypo/hyper thyroidism
HYPO•Med intera­ction: Fe
HYPER•­Thyroid storm
HYPO•Labs: elevated TSH
HYPO•SX: weight gain, lethargy, cold intole­rance
HYPER•SX: weight loss goiter, tachyc­ardia
HYPER•Tx: PTU/me­thi­mazole
HYPO•Risk: fetal neuropsych damage
HYPER•­Bre­ast­feeding issue
HYPER•Med reaction: pruritus skin rash

PKU

•Inborn error of metabolism caused by an autosomal recessive trait that creates a deficiency in the enzyme phenyl­alanine hydrolase,
which impairs the body’s ability to metabolize foods with protein
•If unreco­gnized, can cause cognitive impairment
•Prompt diagnosis and therapy with a phenyl­ala­nin­e-r­est­ricted diet signif­icantly decreases the incidence of cognitive impair­ment.
•Women with PKU may be advised against breast­feeding because their milk contains a high concen­tration of phenyl­ala­nine.

Question

You are counseling a woman with PKU who is planning to go off her birth control. Which statement indicates the need for further teaching?
A. “I should eat like a vegan to avoid problems with my baby’s brain.”
B. “I’ll have to be monitored throughout the pregna­ncy.”
C. “I may not be able to breastfeed my baby.”
D. “The placenta will help protect my baby from phenyl­ala­nine.”