Levels of analysis (1)
Individual Level |
Important individual make decisions |
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Impact of individual citizens |
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Psychology of state leaders |
State Level |
Political and economical characteristics of a state |
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Conflict depends on systems at home |
International Level |
Anarchy and hunger for power= war |
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International organisations |
International System History (2)
Peace of Westphilia 1648 |
Made sovereign states |
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Nationalised military (no private) |
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Pope market loss |
Concert of Europe 1814 |
(Failed) congress between great eur powers |
Scramble for Africa 1870 |
Interwar 1919-1939 |
Failed reconstruction |
Great Depression |
1929-1939 |
Cold War 1945-1989 |
UN 1944 |
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Truman Doctrine 1947 |
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Marshall Plan |
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NATO 1949 |
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Warsaw Pact 1955 |
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Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 |
Contemporary Int Order 1989-now |
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IR Theories (3)
Realism |
Rational unitary actors in anarchy |
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Self-help system |
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Zero-sum game |
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Balance of power |
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Security-dilemma |
Liberalism |
Rational non-unitary actors in anarchy |
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More than military power matters |
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NGOs, IGOs, economic unions, international regimes, etc |
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States mutually dependent |
Constructivism |
Individuals |
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Interests shaped by identity |
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Elites as biggest actors |
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Identity shaped by culture, religion, norms, etc |
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"Anarchy is what states make of it" |
Marxism |
Main actors - socio-economic classes |
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Political interest determined by class |
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State structure - lower serve higher |
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Class conflict defines relations - proletariat vs Cbourgeoisie |
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Revolution creates political change |
Feminism |
Women not represented |
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Language |
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Foreign Policy (4)
Interests |
Situation that governments want to exists, so they are willing to pay a price |
Strategy |
Use of military means to achieve political aims |
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Alternatively grand strategy - use of all natural resources for political aims |
Strategy - persuasion |
Diplomacy- discussing matters (bilateral or multilateral) |
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Incentives - benefits to a state |
Strategy - Coercion |
Sanctions, propaganda, covert operations |
Sources of Foreign Policy |
Individual - leaders and psychology |
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State - institutions within national governments, executives/legislatures, public opinion, elections, news, interest groups |
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International - geography, relative economic development, national capabilities |
Changes in Foreign Policy |
Individual - leaders learning, leadership turnover, |
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State - domestic regime change, NGOs and interest groups |
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International - external shocks, changes in relative power |
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