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APEC - Ch. 14 Age of Exploration Cheat Sheet by

Motives

Gold: Merchants, advern­turers, and government officials had high hopes of finding precious metals and new areas of trade.
God: People wanted to spread the teachings of Jesus Christ after impact by the Catholic Reform­ation. Missio­naries accomp­anied Conqui­stadors and forced Natives to convert.
Glory: Explorer's sought glory for their country while Kings and Queens wanted to claim the large amount of unconq­uered lands for prestige
Other: Many exploreres were inspired by the myths of the Middle Ages in which they described mysterious lands with precious stones and gold. Also, explorers were inspired by Marco's Polo's adventures to Asia while the Asian Trade route reopened it's doors

Means (How)

Monarchies: There was a growth of centra­lized Renais­sance monarc­hies. European monarchies had increased authoirty and resources thus able to use their unerges beyond their borders.
Techno­logies: Ptolemy's world map was most important map at end of 15th century. New ships used the axial rudder and lateen sails with square rig thus able to be mobile and sail against wind. Ships could engage in naval warfare and carry a lot of goods. New tools like the compass and astrolabe increased confid­ence. Knowledge of wind patterns let sailers sail long distances.

Portugese in Africa

Prince Henry
Founded a school for navigators on the southw­estern coast of Portugal which led to Portuguese fleets sailiing southward along the coasts of W. Africa looking for Gold They Also brought back Africans which were sold as slaves.
Trade
Found new gold sources at Gold Coast, and establ­ished contact with Bkongo where they traded in gold, ivory, and slaves.
Land
The Portuguese leased land from local rulers and built stone forts along the coast
They overall led European expansion but other countries would eventually take over them.

Portuguese in India

Bartho­lomeu Dias
took advantagee of winds to Cape of Good Hope, but returned shortly (1450-­1500).
Vasco de Gama
sailed around Cape of Good Hope to Muslim Ports and Calicut in S. India where he brought home lots of spices (1460-­1524)
Monopoly
Portuguese would destroy all Arabic trading ports and hold a monopoly on the spices
Afonso de Albuqu­erque
leader of Portuguese fleet and set up ports at Goa which became headqu­arters for Potuguese operations
in 1509, a Portuguese armada defeated a combined Turkish and Indian fleet near India and created a blockade of the Red Sea to cut off spice trading to Ottoman Muslims in Egypt

Portuguese in East Indies / SE. Asia

Albuqu­erque
seized Malacca in Malaysia after a short but bloody battle in which the Portuguese slaugh­tered the local Arab popula­tion. This helped destroy the Arab spice trade and provided the Portuguese with a way station on the route to the Spice Islands (Moluccas)
Malacca
lauched expedi­tions to China and Spice Islands from here.
tldr; the Portuguese were able to establish numerous trading posts, obtain substa­ntial profits, and seize control of spice trade from Muslim traders.
But, they lacked the power, popula­tion, and desire to colonize Asia.
The effective use of naval technology gave the Portuguese military superi­ority in the Indian and Pacific Oceans until the arrival of other European forces years later.

Portugal in China

The Portuguese were the first to reach China and at that time, the Chinese didn't really care about them and thought they were just Barbar­ians. When they got their China was in the Ming Dynasty; an era of greatness. However, the Ming Dynasty declined due to weak rulers and government corrup­tion. The Ming Dynasty turned to the Qing Dynasty where the Qing overthrew the Ming and had strong rulers. The Qing would correct all the problems and restore the peace. The Portuguese would be later taken over by the English.
tldr; Portuguese were kinda eh and arrived when China was at it's best, but would be taken over by English.

Portugal in Japan

The Portuguese were also the first to land on Japan. Portuguese ships vegan stopping at Japnese ports regularly to take part in the regional trade between Japan, China, and SE Asia. The Japenese were very fascinated by their tabacoo, clocks, eyegla­sses, and other stuff; while the novles were interested in their firearms in which they would use to defeat enemies and unify islands. However, the Catholic Missio­naries that came along would mess with the politics which made Tokugawa Ieyasu pissed. He was so pissed that he expelled all missio­naries and persecuted Japenese Christians and closed 2 major trading ports. They would only allow the Dutch to stay because they didn't mess with politics.
 

Spain in the New World (Overall)

Columbus
Italia­n-born explorer and navigator who thought Asia could be reached by sailing west. He thought he had reached Asia and assured the king and queen he'd find gold and convert the natives ("In­dia­ns") to Christ­ianity.
Magellan
Sailed for Spain after being rejected by Portugal and went around the tip of S. America, across the Pacific Ocean, and to the Philli­pines where he was shot. Often credited as first to circum­nav­igate the world.
John Cabot
Venetian; explored the New England coastline of America under a license from King Henry VII of England
Pedro Cabral
Portug­uese; discovered South America accide­ntally in 1500
Amerigo Vespucci
Floren­tine; published a series of letters describing the geography of the New World that led to the use of the name “America”
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
Spanish; led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513

Civili­zations in New World

Mayans
Highly intell­igent and skilled people built temples and pyramids, were skilled artists, and developed an accurate calendar. They were were agrarian people who cleared the dense rainfo­rests to farm.
Aztecs
Strong warriors who constr­ucted temples, public buildings, houses and became leading city city by 15th century. Biggest downfall was loose political organi­zation of semi-i­nde­pendent territ­ories
Incas
Were a small community in Cuzco and great builders that constr­ucted a road system of 24,800 miles, advanced bridges, and storage depots. Leader Panchakuti created a highly centra­lized government and expanded. Had a well organized system divided into 4 quadrants with provinces (each with own govern­ers).

Spanish Conquest of Empires

 

Spanish Admini­str­ation

Encomienda
system that permitted conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laboreres. In return, they must pay Indians wages, and supervise their spiritual needs. However, people ignored it and brutally used Indians to pursure their own economic interests.
viceroys
Spanish developed admini­str­ative system based on viceroys. Spanish posessions were each goverened by a viceroy who served as the king's chief civil and military officer and was aided by advisory groups called audien­cias.

Spain in Philli­ppines

Spanish gained control over the Pihili­ppines which eventually became a major Spanish base in the trade across the Pacific. They would carry ships full of silk and other luxury goods to Mexico to trade for their silver.
They posed a threat to the weakening Portugal empire in SE Asia. But Spain would soon face compet­ition for Portugal from the Dutch.

Spain in the Americas (17th Century)

Spain and Portugal had large colonial empires in the Americas in the 16th century; Portugal had empire in Brazil and Spain had large South America empire. However, Spain's importance as a commercial power began to decline rapidly because of a drop in the outut of the silver mines and poverty in the Spanish monarchy. At the 17th century, both Spain and Portugal's faced compet­ition from the Dutch, British, and French.

Dutch in SE. Asia

The Dutch came along with the English and posed a major threat to Portugal. They first seized a Portugese fort then gradually took over the spice trade. They occupied most of the trading ports in the Indian Ocean. Later, they would drive the English traders out of the spice market. The Dutch also began to consol­idate politcal and military control over entire are and brought the inlang reguins udner hteir control to protect their position.
tldr; Drove Portugal, Spain, and English out of SE Asia spice trades and basically controlled all of it.

Dutch in America

The Dutch were the first to establish settle­ments on the North American continent through Henry Hudson. However, in the second half of the 17th century, they faced compet­ition from the English and French along with years of warfare with them which led to decline of the Dutch commercial empire
tldr; Dutch were the first to establish stuff in N. America and were kinda succes­sful, but later failed and got taken over but British and French.

French in America

The French North America was run autocr­ati­cally as a vast trading area of furs, leather, fish, and timber. However, the French state was unable to get people to move to Canda which left Canada thinly populated. Later, the French were unable to provide enough men or money as they mainly focused on the Contin­ental warr over their conquest of the NA continent. In 1763, the Seven Years War would force them to surrender the rest of their Canadian lands. However, they (along with British) were able to break into the Spanish Latin America market where the French Bourbons became the kings of Spain.
tldr; Pretty big fail in North America but pretty successful in South America.
 

British in India

English and Dutch were competeing against each other and Portugal for regional trade in India. In 17th century, British presence in India would increase. Soon, the Dutch gave up on India for focus on their spice trade, but the French were really persistent and managed to compete succes­sfully with the British. However, the British were saved by Sir Robert Clive (ceo of BEIC). Eventu­ally, the French also died out in India because their government stopped giving them money; the French were later completely kicked out by British in 7 years war. The British began to expand their authority into the interior which would mark a major step in the gradual transfer of all of the India to the BEIC.
tldr; British were most successful in India after defeating the Dutch and French.

British in China

The English would replace the Portuguese as the dominant force. They operated through the East India Company which served as a trading unit and admini­strator of English colonies in Asia. They would establish trading ports and export tea and silk to England. However, China limited themselves from the British as they were confined to a small island outside the city walls from October to March. The British then got mad and demanded for them to be open to British goods and access to other cities. However, they got rejected which would later cause China's downfall.
tldr; British were most succes­sfull and made lots of money and they kicked out the Portug­uese, but were confined by China.

British in Americas

The British Colonies of Jamestown pretty much was a big failure which made it evident that the colonizing of American lands wasn't conducie to quick profits. However, the desire to practice oen's own religious and their economic interest lead to a sucessful coloni­zation. This was evident through the Massac­hue­setts Bay Company as well ans how English had establ­ished control over most of the eastern seaboard in the US. They had thirteen colonies with own individual legist­lat­ures. British colonies were also assigned roles in the mercan­tilist theory which basically just prevented them from getting out of control and keep the trade favourable to the mother­land.
tldr; Pretty successful as they were slow to start, but quickly became big success.

Slave Trade

From 16th to 18th century, thousands to millions of Africans were removed from their homes and forcibly shipped to to planta­tions in the New World. At first, European explor­ation of the African coastline did not affect mos Africans living in the interior of the continet, but Africans living on the coast suffered a lot. Also, at first African slave were just simply replacing Europeans ones as domestic servants for rich people. However, Cane sugar and other labor intensive crops were introduced which drove up the demand for slaves. And since African land was not good for growing stuff, slaves were being shipped off to Brazil and the Carrbeean.
tldr; Europeans started trading and settling around Africa which led to slaves beign shipped off to Europe and America's.

Effects of the Slave Trade

There import­ation of cheap manufa­ctured goods from Europe undermined local cottage industrues and forced countless families into poverty. The slave trade also led to depopu­lation of some areas and deprive African villages of strongest men. Not only that but African tribes needed to maintain a constant supply of slaves which led to war and violence between the tribes. Also, desipte humanism, slaves were still largely acceptable to Western society. Europeans still views blacks as infeior beings fit for slaves
 

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