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Philosophy Reviewer for Periodical Test
Philosophy
-philos(love)
-Sophia(wisdom)
-Love of wisdom |
Nature of Philosophy
Always in the quest for an explanation |
Key Interrogative words
-What
-Why
-How
Types of Search
merely asking |
intense search for deeper meaning |
Origin of Philosophy
Miletus, Greece |
the birthplace of philosophy in the west |
Thales of Miletus |
first philosopher in the west |
Thales asked "What is the ultimate stuff of the universe"
Answer he found: Water
Philosophical activity
widest generalizations |
Philosophers talk about the truth, the good, the just, the beautiful, and the existence of practically all things |
fundamentals |
knowledge wont make sense without philosophical ideas like consciousness and existence |
desire to integrate things into one coherent whole |
find the One in the many |
Branches of Philosophy
Metaphysics |
about human reality like the origin and existence |
Epistemology |
nature of the human knowledege and how to obtain it |
Ethics |
moral questions and dillemas |
Aesthetics |
establish the criteria of beauty |
Logic |
deals with correct reasoning |
Need for philosophizing
Aristotle |
All men desire to know |
Plato |
to quench his sense of wonder |
Rene Descartes |
to doubt |
Socrates |
the start of wisdom is docta ignorantia |
Karl Jaspers |
because of experience |
docta ignorantia
-limitation of human knowledge
Socrates
-died for the truth
-was accused of corrupting the citizens of Athens |
Types of Thinking
Holistic Perspective |
conclusions are made without looking at all sides of the problem |
Partial Point of View |
looking at all aspects of the situation and then making a conclusion |
Reflection
requires a person to be willing to examine one's thoughts,
feelings, and actions and to learn more about one's life
experiences |
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Philosophical Reflection
- When a person conducts in a philosophical reflection, he is able to judge whether his actions or decisions are reasonable or
not by thinking of deeper questions and reflecting on the situation. |
Steps in Philosophical Reflection
Learning from past mistakes and not repeaating them |
Evaluating the best options from the options |
Have a holistic point of view before making conclusion |
Theories of Truth
Correspondence Theory of Truth |
concepts are true when they correspond to the reality of the world. |
Coherence Theory of Truth |
ideas are inter-related system |
Pragmatic Theory of Truth |
A pragmatist can consider something to be true without needing to confirm that it is universally true. |
Tips in Evaluating Opinions
Source |
knowing the origin of the information |
Reliability |
reputation and credibility of the person |
Purpose |
reason for the opinion |
Assumption |
once accepts as fuct but no effort to prove it |
Methods of Philosophizing
Methodic Doubt |
any claim that can be doubted is not believable |
Socratic Method |
teacher-student, one ask question, one answers |
Dialectic |
exchange of logical arguments |
Scientific |
gaining conclusion from scientific experiments, methods etc |
Historical |
based on trying to understand past human affairs |
Fallacies
Ad hominem |
attacking the person not the argument |
Ad baculum |
appeal by force |
Ad misericordiam |
appeal by using pity and emotion |
Ad populum |
bandwagon, acceptable because many are accepting it |
Ad Antiquitatem |
acceptable because it has been true for a long time |
Petitio Principii |
begging the question |
Fallacy of Composition |
combining words instead of taking them seperately |
Fallacy of division |
assuming that if its true for the whole is also true for each parts |
Ad verecundiam |
appeal by shame |
Dicto Simpliciter |
argument based on unqualified generalization |
Concepts in Method of Philosophizing
Facts |
something that can be verified as true |
Opinion |
subjective |
Beliefs |
statements with conviction that are not easily explained by facts |
Explanation |
statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons |
Conclusion |
judgement based on facts |
Fallacies |
arguments based on faulty reasoning |
Arguments |
provides reasons to convince reader or listener for a claim to be true |
Bias |
disaproportionate weight in favor or against something. Can be both positive and negative. |
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