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microtubules
- Hollow rod-like structures made of the protein tublin |
- grow from the centrosome |
- serve as structural support for the movement of organelles that are interacting with motor proteins |
- assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division |
- cilia and flagella |
Microfilaments
Thin solid rods made of the protein actin |
Maintain cell shape |
Bear tension |
Assist in muscle contraction and cell motility |
Actin works with another protein called myosin to cause a contraction |
Division of animal cells |
Contractile ring of the cleavage furrow |
Intermediate filaments
Fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits |
Permanent structural elements of cells |
Not assembled and broken down at the rate of microtubules and microfilaments |
Maintain cell shape |
Anchor nucleus and organelles |
Form the nuclear lamina |
Lines the nuclear envelope |
active transport & passive transport
active transport |
passive transport |
movement of molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration |
he movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration |
need energy |
need NO energy |
endocytosis: the cell uses energy to take in macromolecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane |
plays a primary role in the import of materials and the export of wastes |
phagocytosis-cell takes in large particles |
diffusion-movement of molecules from high con to low con |
pinocytosis- cell takes in extracellular fluid containing dissolved subsances |
small nonpolar molecules pass freely (N2,O2,CO2) |
receptor- mediated endocytosis receptor proteins on the cell membrane |
Facilitated diff- from high con to low con through transport proteins |
exocytosis requires energy to move large molecules out of the cell (signal proteins, hormones, waste) |
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Water balance (Tonicity)
Isotonic |
Hypertonic |
Hypotonic |
balanced |
Lack of water |
Too much water |
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Water potential
A physical property that predicts the direction water will flow |
Includes the effects of solute concentration and physical pressure |
Plasma membranes and membrane permeability
Plasma membrane |
- Phospholipid |
- Phosphate group |
- Glycerol |
- Hydrophilic head |
- Hydrophobic tails |
- Phospholipids are amphipathic |
selective permeability
the ability of membranes to regulate the substances that enter and exist |
- Hydrophilic heads oriented toward aqueous environment |
- Hydrophobic tails are facing inwards away from aqueous environment |
- Fluid mosaic model
membrane is held together by weak hydrophobic interactions and can therefore move and shift |
- Cholesterol |
- Temperature affects fluidity |
- Helps maintain fluidity at high and low temps |
- Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails help maintain fluidity at low temps |
- High temp: reduces movement |
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- Low temp: reduces tight packing of phospholipids |
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- Mosaic: comprised of many macromolecules |
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- Membrane proteins
- Integral proteins |
- Peripheral proteins |
Proteins that are embedded into the lipid bilayer |
- Proteins that are not embedded into the lipid biolayer |
Also known as transmembrane proteins |
Loosely bonded to the surface |
Amphipathic |
Membrane carbohydrates
Glycolipids |
Glycoproteins |
Carbohydrates bonded to lipids |
Carbohydrates bonded to proteins |
| |
Most abundant |
two cells
Plant |
Animal |
Golgi vesicles (trafficking, profcessing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane, proteins and lipids) |
Golgi vesicles |
ribosome (read mRNA and transplates) |
ribosome |
smooth ER (synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids) |
smooth ER |
nucleolus (inside) |
nucleolus (inside) |
nucleus |
nucleus |
Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) |
Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) |
large central vacuole |
X |
amyloplast (Starch grain) |
X |
cell wall |
X |
cell membrane |
cell membrane |
golgi apparatus (transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids to vesicles) |
golgi apparatus |
chloroplast (produce energy through photosynthesi) |
X |
vacuole membrane |
X |
mitochondrion (generates ATP) |
mitochondrion |
cytoplasm (medium for chemical reaction) |
cytoplasm |
X |
lysosomes |
plastid (stores pigment) |
X |
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