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Oral Ecosystem:- Specific microbial species demonstrating tropism for specific tissues | - Microbial interaction with each other as well as with the oral environment |
Formation of an Ecosystem:Indigenous Microbiota: | Most numerous, Compatible with host | Supplemental Microbiota: | Potentially pathogenic, Can become invasive | Transient Microbiota: | Don't have mechanisms for persisting in the host |
Oral Ecosystems:Buccal epithelium: | Gram-positive cocci | Lingual epithelium: | Gram-positive filaments | Supragingival tooth surface: | Faculative G+ rods and cocci | Subgingival tooth surface: | Anaerobic G- rods and cocci |
Microenvironments:Supragingival:
-Bathed in saliva
-Faculatively anaerobic
-Increased mechanical disruption (swallowing, abrasion) |
Subgingival:
-Bathed in crevicular fluid
-Anaerobic
-Reduced mechanical disruption (anatomy of gingival sulcus) | | Environmental Factors:Oxygen tension: | pO2, partial pressure of oxygen, mmHg | Redox Potential: | Eh, tendency to acquire electrons and thus be reduced, mV | pH: | controlled by exogenous materials carbohydrate fermentation buffering capacity of plaque and saliva | Temperature: | variations | Availability of Nutrients: | carbohydrates, amino acids (salivary glycoproteins), hemin (plasma) |
Host Fluids:Antagonists | Synergistic: | Nutrients from saliva and GCF | sIgA: | Interferes with colonisation | Glycoproteins: | Aggregation and removal | Lactoperoxidase: | Inactivation of glycolytic enzymes - death | Lactoferrin: | Binds iron limiting bacterial growth | Lysozyme: | Degrades bacterial peptidoglycan |
Host Susceptibility:
- Geographic location
- Ethnicity and culture
- Diet
- Health and social status Microbial Factors:Adherence:
- Contact: proximity
- Dose: quantity of bacteria
- Frequency of exposure (eg newborns)
- Absorption: initial reversible association with oral tissues |
Retention:
- Ability to accumulate at entry site
- Adaption
- Resist host defenses
- Competition from other species
- Changing environments | | Co-Aggregation:Different species, or different strains of a single species, have distinct sets of coaggregation partners Streptococcus spp. and Actinomyces spp., two of initial colonizing general on enamel surfaces | |
Fusobacbacteria coaggregate w/ other human oral bacteria | |
Veillonella spp., Capnocytophaga spp. bind to streptococci/ actinomyces |
Each coaggregation is mediated by one or more complementary sets of adhesin-receptor pairs Coaggregation:CoAggregation Competition:
- Competition occurs when multiple cell types recognize the same coggregation indicator mediator on the common coaggregation partner Ecological Succession:Process by whereby a microbial population undergoes a continuous series of changes in composition as different species colonise and become established at the expense of others. |
As conditions change, the dominant m/o's will either adapt and be retained or will be superseded by a new species better equipped to survive the altered environment. |
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