Organelle Functions
Organelle |
Function |
Centrosome |
Forms Centrioles for Mitosis & Myosis |
Lysome |
Gets rid of waste products |
Nuclear Pore |
Transports messenger RNA |
Chromosome |
DNA + protein-> Chromatid |
Smooth E.R. |
Lipid synthesis, Vitamin + Mineral accumulation |
Rough E.R. |
Protein synthesis |
Ribosome |
messenger RNA joins with RNA to make aminoacid chains |
Mitochondria |
Site of respiration |
Golgi Body |
Packaging of products in a cell |
Nucleo Plasm |
Hydro-skeleton to hold chromasome |
Nucleolus |
Ribosomal RNA production |
Nuclear Membrane |
Holds nucleoplasm in place |
Nucleoplasm+Cytoplasm=Protoplasm
Types of Cells
Eukaryotic Cells |
Plant and animal cell with a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. |
Prokaryotic Cells |
Unicellular organism without a nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles. |
Cell Membrane
Surface Carbohydrate: used in cell recognition and communication.
Channel Protein: allow micro-molecules to enter and exit the cell.
Structure of Chloroplasts
Chloroplast Structure
Structure |
Function |
Thylakoid |
A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. |
Grana |
A stacked membranous structure within the chloroplasts of plants and green algae that contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. The saclike membranes that make up grana are known as thylakoids. See more at chloroplast. |
Stroma |
The colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. Dark-Phase takes place here |
Structure of Mitocondria
Structure |
Function |
Cristae |
Mitochondrial cristae are folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane that provide an increase in the surface area. This allows a greater space for processes that happen across this membrane. |
Matrix |
the substance occupying the space enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion; it contains enzymes, filaments of DNA, granules, and inclusions of protein crystals, glycogen, and lipid. |
Structure of Mitocondria
|
|
Passive Cell Transport
Diffusion |
The movement of molecules from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until an equilibrium is reached. |
Osmosis |
Movement of fresh water (with low to no soluble components dissolved in it) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi/selectively-permeable membrane. |
Channel Protein |
The Channel Protein in the cell membrane allows the passive transport of larger molecules that cannot diffuse through the membrane. |
Carrier Protein |
A charged molecule, such as ions, regardless of size cannot diffuse through the membrane. Micromolecules attaches to carrier protein which then travels through the membrane and releases the molecules inside. |
Osmosis in Plant Cells
If tonicity inside the cell > tonicity outside the cell: Cell becomes turgid as water diffuses into the cell, turning the cell rigid and giving the plant structure
If tonicity inside the cell = tonicity outside the cell: Cell loses some of the turgor pressure. Overall plant structure and integrity compromised
If tonicity inside the cell < tonicity outside the cell: Cell becomes plasmolysed as the water diffuses out of the cell. Cell membrane and cytoplasm detaches from Cell Wall. |
Osmosis in Animal Cells
If tonicity inside the cell > tonicity outside the cell: Cell takes on so much water that there is a possibility of it becomeing lysed, or bursting.
If tonicity inside the cell = tonicity outside the cell: Cell behaves normally
If tonicity inside the cell < tonicity outside the cell: Cell becomes shrivelled |
DNA Replication
Splitting of DNA Strand |
DNA strand is unwound and split into two halves by the enzyme helicase, hence creating a structure called a replication fork |
Leading Strand |
DNA polymerase binds to the leading strand (5'-3' beginning of the fork to the end) and reads the DNA in the 3' to 5' direction, adding nucleotides in the 5'-3' direction |
Lagging Strand |
RNA primers attach to points of the lagging strand. Okazaki fragments are able to be attached to the lagging strand using these primers as markers. RNA primers are removed by enzymes, and DNA polymerase replaces the gaps left by the primers. |
Recombination of Strands |
DNA strand is re-wound. |
|
|
Active Transport
Molecules (usually macro-molecules) can be made to move against the concentration gradient (i.e. beyond an equilibrium) this requires the expenditure of energy ATP (Adenosine-Tri-Phosphate). |
Endocytosis - Entering The Cell
Pinocytosis |
Phagocytosis |
Movement of small macro molecules and liquids/Fluids through a cell membrane enclosed in a vesicle |
Phagocytosis is the same as pinocytosis but involves larger molecules |
Pinocytosis/Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
The transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane
Photosynthesis
Light Phase |
Dark Phase |
Light energy is used to split a water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen (Photolysis) |
3 CO2 molecues are introduced into the stroma and are added to the Hydrogen+ATP molecules to make 1 G-3-P (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) |
The oxygen escapes the cell as a bi-product. The H+ ion binds with a nearby electron to form a hydrogen atom, The energy released is used to create ATP |
This process of converting CO2 to G-3-P. To create glucose, this is repeated to produce 2 G-3-P molecules, a total of 6 CO2 to make 1 Glucose |
Photosynthetic reactions are affected by:
The surface area of the chloroplast, thylakoid membrane etc.
The concentration of reactants
The presence of Catalysts
Temperature and pH
Respiration - Step 1 - Glycolysis
Step 1. Glycolysis |
Occurs just outside the mitochondria. Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules, requiring 2ATP and producing 4 ATP. Net gain of 2ATP |
Pyruvate molecules are converted in to acetayl coenzyme A, which then enter the matrix space |
(Bacteria only undergo this one step as they have very little energy requirements) |
In anaerobic conditions, this produces ethanol and CO2 in plants and bacteria, while animal cells produce lactic acid and CO2 |
Respiration - Step 2 - Krebs Cycle
Acetyl co-enzyme A joins to a carbon carrier molecule and loses carbon as CO2
Hydrogen atoms are lost also and they in turn lose their elections -> net 2ATP molecules are produced
Respiration - Step 3 - Electron Chain
Hydrogen ions formed in Krebs cycle bind to O2 and produce water. Energy released is used within the cristae to produce ATP. During the entire cycle, there is a net production of 38 ATP
|
