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\author{Bendash13 (Bendash13)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (cell-biology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Bendash13 (Bendash13))
  /Subject (Cell Biology Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Cell Biology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Bendash13 (Bendash13)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/24992/cs/8339/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Bendash13 (Bendash13) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/bendash13} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 5th September, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Animal Cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/bendash13_1464995910_anatomy.GIF}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelle Functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Organelle & Function \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Centrosome & Forms Centrioles for Mitosis \& Myosis \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lysome & Gets rid of waste products \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Nuclear Pore & Transports messenger RNA \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Chromosome & DNA + protein-\textgreater{} Chromatid \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Smooth E.R. & Lipid synthesis, Vitamin + Mineral accumulation \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rough E.R. & Protein synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Ribosome & messenger RNA joins with RNA to make aminoacid chains \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Mitochondria} & Site of respiration \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Golgi Body & Packaging of products in a cell \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nucleo Plasm & Hydro-skeleton to hold chromasome \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Nucleolus & Ribosomal RNA production \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nuclear Membrane & Holds nucleoplasm in place \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{Nucleoplasm+Cytoplasm=Protoplasm}}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Eukaryotic Cells & Plant and animal cell with a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Prokaryotic Cells & Unicellular organism without a nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Membrane}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/bendash13_1464997201_2000px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Surface Carbohydrate: used in cell recognition and communication. \newline Channel Protein: allow micro-molecules to enter and exit the cell.}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Chloroplasts}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.89586 cm} x{4.08114 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chloroplast Structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Structure} & Function \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Thylakoid} & A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Grana & A stacked membranous structure within the chloroplasts of plants and green algae that contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. The saclike membranes that make up grana are known as thylakoids. See more at chloroplast. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 3
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Stroma & The colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. Dark-Phase takes place here \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Mitocondria}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Structure} & Function \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Cristae} & Mitochondrial cristae are folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane that provide an increase in the surface area. This allows a greater space for processes that happen across this membrane. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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Matrix & the substance occupying the space enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion; it contains enzymes, filaments of DNA, granules, and inclusions of protein crystals, glycogen, and lipid. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive Cell Transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Diffusion & The movement of molecules from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until an equilibrium is reached. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Osmosis & Movement of {\bf{fresh}} water (with low to no soluble components dissolved in it) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a \seqsplit{semi/selectively-permeable} membrane. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Channel Protein & The Channel Protein in the cell membrane allows the passive transport of larger molecules that cannot diffuse through the membrane. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Carrier Protein & A charged molecule, such as ions, regardless of size cannot diffuse through the membrane. Micromolecules attaches to carrier protein which then travels through the membrane and releases the molecules inside. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis in Plant Cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/carbonic60_1464999331_osmosis-plant-celljpg.jpg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis in Plant Cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If tonicity inside the cell \textgreater{} tonicity outside the cell: Cell becomes turgid as water diffuses into the cell, turning the cell rigid and giving the plant structure \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
If tonicity inside the cell = tonicity outside the cell: Cell loses some of the turgor pressure. Overall plant structure and integrity compromised \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
If tonicity inside the cell \textless{} tonicity outside the cell: Cell becomes plasmolysed as the water diffuses out of the cell. Cell membrane and cytoplasm detaches from Cell Wall.% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis in Animal Cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/carbonic60_1465001275_animal-cells-tonicity-and-osmosis.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis in Animal Cells}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If tonicity inside the cell \textgreater{} tonicity outside the cell: Cell takes on so much water that there is a possibility of it becomeing lysed, or bursting. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
If tonicity inside the cell = tonicity outside the cell: Cell behaves normally \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
If tonicity inside the cell \textless{} tonicity outside the cell: Cell becomes shrivelled% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Cycle}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/carbonic60_1473113091_Lesson 2 cell cycle - www.slideshare.net.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Splitting of DNA Strand & DNA strand is unwound and split into two halves by the enzyme helicase, hence creating a structure called a replication fork \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Leading Strand & DNA polymerase binds to the leading strand (5'-3' beginning of the fork to the end) and reads the DNA in the 3' to 5' direction, adding nucleotides in the 5'-3' direction \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lagging Strand & RNA primers attach to points of the lagging strand. Okazaki fragments are able to be attached to the lagging strand using these primers as markers. RNA primers are removed by enzymes, and DNA polymerase replaces the gaps left by the primers. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Recombination of Strands & DNA strand is re-wound. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Active Transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Molecules (usually {\bf{macro-molecules}}) can be made to move against the concentration gradient (i.e. beyond an equilibrium) this requires the expenditure of energy ATP \seqsplit{(Adenosine-Tri-Phosphate)}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocytosis - Entering The Cell}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pinocytosis & Phagocytosis \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Movement of small macro molecules and liquids/Fluids through a cell membrane enclosed in a vesicle & Phagocytosis is the same as pinocytosis but involves larger molecules \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pinocytosis/Phagocytosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exocytosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photosynthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Light Phase & Dark Phase \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Light energy is used to split a water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen (Photolysis) & 3 CO2 molecues are introduced into the stroma and are added to the Hydrogen+ATP molecules to make 1 G-3-P (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The oxygen escapes the cell as a bi-product. The H+ ion binds with a nearby electron to form a hydrogen atom, The energy released is used to create ATP & This process of converting CO2 to G-3-P. To create glucose, this is repeated to produce 2 G-3-P molecules, a total of 6 CO2 to make 1 Glucose \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Photosynthetic reactions are affected by: \newline The surface area of the chloroplast, thylakoid membrane etc. \newline The concentration of reactants \newline The presence of Catalysts \newline Temperature and pH}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Respiration - Step 1 - Glycolysis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Step 1. Glycolysis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Occurs just outside the mitochondria. Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules, requiring 2ATP and producing 4 ATP. Net gain of 2ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pyruvate molecules are converted in to acetayl coenzyme A, which then enter the matrix space} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(Bacteria only undergo this one step as they have very little energy requirements)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In anaerobic conditions, this produces ethanol and CO2 in plants and bacteria, while animal cells produce lactic acid and CO2} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Respiration - Step 2 - Krebs Cycle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/carbonic60_1465384015_c7052763740cb431d8e989fa55460816cc5a074c.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Acetyl co-enzyme A joins to a carbon carrier molecule and loses carbon as CO2 \newline Hydrogen atoms are lost also and they in turn lose their elections -\textgreater{} net 2ATP molecules are produced}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Respiration - Step 3 - Electron Chain}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/carbonic60_1465384439_Cell-Respiration-RegisFrey.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hydrogen ions formed in Krebs cycle bind to O2 and produce water. Energy released is used within the cristae to produce ATP. During the entire cycle, there is a net production of 38 ATP}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}