Lung cancer
Risk factors & causes:
- Smoking & 2nd hand smoking
- Exposure to industrial carcinogens & air pollution, scarring from previous lung disease, FHx & past cancer treatment
- Age
- UK: 8/10 cases occurring people aged 60+ |
Signs & symptoms:
- Difficulty breathing
- Coughing up blood
- Chest pain
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Having a cough most of the time
- Change in a cough you have had for a long time
- SOB
- Ache or pain when breathing or coughing
- Hoarseness |
Types:
- Small cell lung cancers
- Non-small cell lung cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma |
Stages of non-small cell lung cancer:
- Occult (hidden)
- Stage 0
- Stage I
- Stage II
- Stage III
- Stage IV |
Treatments:
- Standard treatments: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), cryosurgery, electrocautery, watchful waiting
- New treatments: chemoprevention, radiosensitizers, new combinations
- Treatment for non-small cell lung cancer may cause side effects
- Pts may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial
- Pts can enter clinics trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment
- Follow-up tests may be needed |
Small cell lung cancer:
- Grows faster
- Spreads faster
- 70 of people with SCLS will have cancer that has already spread at the time they're diagnosed
- Tends respond well to chemotherapy & radiotherapy
- Recurrence |
Other types:
- Metastatic cancer
- Pleural mesothelioma |
Colon cancer
Develop frommucosa &may end upon invasive lesion |
Colonoscopy to find polyps (different types), occur in families, 5 stages |
Stage I localised, grow into colon & through the wall of colon leading reach lymphatics & blood vessels, may be distributed into other organs through lymphatics, the more distal the higher chance of cancer (also easier to reach and diagnose) |
Change of lifestyle, avoiding types of food |
|
|
Breast cancer
Pathology:
- Inflammatory disorders
- Benign tumours of the breast
- Malignant tumours of the breast |
Acute mastitis (not cancer):
- Complication of lactation, local pain, swelling, hardening, tenderness, redness
- Fissures or abrasions of the nipple enable entry of staphylococci
- Abscesses |
Fibrocycstic change:
- Pre-menopausal women, lumps
- Fibrosis
- Cyst formation
- Adenosis
- Sclerosing adenosis
- Epithelial hyperplasia, increased riskier cancer |
Benign breast tumours:
- Fibroadenoma: commonest, single tumour, young women, firm mobile lump
- 25 of normal breasts at autopsy
- Package 20-30
- More common in African American women
- Multiple in -15-20
- Most growth arrested by 2-3cm; may reach >10cm
- Spontaneous infarction - pregnancy/lactation
- Reports of regression 20-25 |
Carcinoma of the breast:
- Commonest malignancy in women
- Rarely occurs in men
- Upper outer quadrant
- Uncommon before 30s
- Risk increases with age & after menopause
- Genetics
- Commoner in nulliparous women
- Early menarche & late menopause
- Breast feeding reduces risk |
Carcinoma of the breast: [cntd]
- Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
- commonest form
- firm to hard lump
- peau d'orange
- nipple retraction
- tumour fixed to underlying muscle |
Prostate cancer
Risk factors:
- Race (African American), FHx, High testosterone
- Age
- Saturated fat diet
- Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)
- Genome changes |
Signs & symptoms:
- More frequent ruination (during night)
- Difficulty starting to urinate
- Taking a long time to urinate or a weak flow urine
- Blood in your ruiner semen
- Back pain, hip pain or pelvis pain
- Unexplained weight loss |
Can be diagnosed early |
|
Created By
Metadata
Comments
No comments yet. Add yours below!
Add a Comment
Related Cheat Sheets
More Cheat Sheets by bee.f