The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era
Impact of American Revoltion on Europe |
Confirmed Legitmiacy of Englightenment ideas and showed that ideas could actually created a new government |
Army officers such as Marquis de Lafayette influenced the early stages of the French Rev when soliders returned to France with ideas of individual liberties, republicanism, and poular soverignity |
3 branches of govternment established that involved seperation of powers and a Consistutation including a Bill of Rights |
French Revoltuion has a bigger impact to Europe since it was more radical in its efforts to construct a new political and social order |
Estates of the Ancien Regime/Old Regime
First Estate:Clergy |
Characteristics |
Church owned about 10% of land, divided since there was clergy from aristocrats but also poor clergy |
Privilages |
Extemptions from the taille(land tax) |
Second Estate:Nobility |
Characteristics |
About 25% of land owned and made up about 2% of the population, nobility held many important positions in govt, military, law, and church and was divided between sword nobility and robe nobility |
Privilages |
Tax exemptions and other privilages such as power and money |
Third Estate:Commoners |
Characteristics |
made up of the Bourgeoisie, City Workers, and peasants, and made up about 97% percent of the population but most owned no land and had forced obligations to nobles |
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Included skilled town dwellers who lost purchasing power dur to the rising cost of bread, leading to mob actions |
Bourgeoisie |
the middle class who were part of the third estate and controlled trade, manufactoring, and finance, but excluded from social and political privilages by nobles |
Problems facing the French Monarchy
Bad Harvests |
caused food shortages, rising food prices, and increase unemployment in cities |
Poverty |
1/3 of the country poor and higher rates in the country |
Ideas of Philosophes |
Ideas circulated among bourgeiosie and noble elite causing privilages and insituations to come under criticism Rousseau a major influence |
Failure to make Reforms |
Parliament blocked royal decrees and acted as "defenders of liberty" aginst the monarchy but ended up pushing their own interests |
Financial Crisis:an immediate cause of the revolution |
Mouting Debt |
Government expeditures grew because of war and spending, causing the governemnt to keep on borrowing money with not enough taxes, ended up causing 1/2 of spending to be on interest and private lenders refussing borrowing more |
Calonne's "assembly of notables" |
wanted a complete change of fiscal and administrative systems but group and government refused to cooperate and caused more problems |
Summoning of Esates General |
Nobility was forced to call meant that nation's consent was needed for taxes |
Jacquis Necker |
exposed the inadequncies of the monarchy's monetary policies, viewed as the first steps twoeard reform |
Culture and Society in the Enlightenment
Rococo art |
grace and gentle action, curves, interlaced designs, secular pursuit of pleasure, hapiness and love. Ex. Watteau who drew views of aristocractic life with sadness underneath and Neucann whose Barquoe Bococo work was used in palaces and churches, Bishop's place as a spirtul adn secuular themes were interchangable |
Neoclassicism |
Emerges in France, recaptues the dignity and simplicity of the Classical style, ex. The Oath of Horatii in which 3 brothers swore an oath to scarficice lives for country, moral seriousness and emphasis on honor and patriotism |
Music on soceity |
Handal and Bach-Barquoe, Hayndn and Mozart-Classical, music depended on patron, Bach-music to worship God, Handel-Public peices, Hayden and Mozart-orchestral huge and unusual pieices , best known music with the invention of religious music even though music was very secular |
modern novel |
novel was to write friction with no rules on how to write and growing focus on sentimental and emotional |
high culture and popular culture |
High Culture-literary and aritistic world of educated and wealthy, Popular culture-writeen and unwritten lore of masses passed orally, new literature aimed more at populat culture |
18th century education |
schools for elites, largely concentrated on latin and greek classics, schools for girls focued on religion and domestic skills |
death penalty |
upper class execututed by simple beheadings but lower classes were subject to torture |
Impact of On Crimes and Punishment |
opposing captial punishment and in favor of imprisonment, lead to a decline in corporal and captial punishments and prisons |
Hierarchy of medicine |
physicans, surgeons, apothecaries |
Ascpects of popular culture |
carnival-indulgences, before lent, festivals-varierty of celebrations, special occassions, Taverns-gathering place of common people |
Literary rates |
upper class more literature with peasants part of popular culuture, hierachy rates of peasants increasing |
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Esates General Beginning
Composition of Estates-General |
Representives of 3 estates with the 3rd estate having twice the delegates that included legal and urban representives |
Cahiers de doleances advocate consistutional government |
grievances drawn by the 3rd estates that petion the monarchy for changes |
Estates General meets and questions about voting occurs |
Voting by order meant aristocractic control while voting by head meant each representive which was supportedby bourgerosis and some nobles who were influenced by the American Revolution and wanted reform involving reason and utility |
National Assembly
Abbe Sieyes "What is the 3rd Estate?" |
The 3rd estate had double representation so they could turn the estates into a single chamber legislative. The feeling was not completly wide spread since some wanted change in respect to the king |
National Assembly declared June 17 |
the 3rd estate responded on the question on how to vote by declaring themselves as the National Assembly and deciding to create a consistuation |
Tennis Court Oath-June 20 |
Swore to make a consistuation that lead to the King threating to dissovle the Esates-General. Considered the first steps of the French Revolution since the 3rd estate had no legal right to act as the National Assembly |
Intervention of Common People
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Commoners would be mobilized to support whatever party's interest |
attack on the Bastile, July 14th |
an urban uprsing, causing the King to increase the number of troops, angering the public. Prison surrunder symbolized a great victory for the Revolution and a Triump over despotism. King accepted the reality which signaled the collapse of royal authority |
Marquis de Lafayette |
appointed commander of the National Gaurd,a citizen milita, by the King |
Popular Revolutions in numerous cities |
collpase of royal authoity paralled with peasant rebellions in countryside |
Peasant Rebellions and the Great Fear |
resentment of the seigneur system, peasant rebellions with a panic that fears of invasion |
Destruction of the Old Regime
Seigneurial Rights abolished |
destroyed the relics of feudalism, support for abolishment to calm the peasants and abolishment for the principle of equality |
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
reflected the ideas of philosophies and owed to the Decleration of Independence, natural rights and life, property, security, and resistance, equal rights for all men |
Olympe de Gouges and the Decleration of the Rights of Women and Female Citizens |
women have the same rights as men and the National Assembly ignored women |
The Women's March to Versailles |
women march for bread to Versailles and then the Royal family forced to move to Paris, example of how crowd influenced politics |
Social Order of the 18th century
Peasants made up 85% of the European population |
Difference between peasants and serfs |
peasants were tenant farmers who owed tithes and fees and were controlled by nobles while serfs were bound to a lord's estate and had to work on the lord's land |
Lifestyle of European nobility |
played an important role in military and governemtn with having the best roles, government offices gave them noble status and land |
Aristocractic way of life |
nobles lived on country estates and did not participate in court as much, travel an important part of life and a major part of education |
Problems that arose in urban areas |
High death rates among children because of living conditions, overcrowing because of immigrants, poverty because of lack of jobs |
Economic Expanison
Regional breakdown of population growth |
Overall large population growths in russia, france, prussia, and britain |
Reasons for population growth |
decline of death rate because of increase in food and new crops, end of bubonic plague, more women married and better living conditiosn |
Shift in child care |
childhood become an important part of child life, child dressed more like kids, breast feeding more commone, infanticide comabated by establishing founduling homes |
Differences in marraige |
lower classes marreid later to save money for household, upper class marrying the same time as previous but less children |
Religion and the Churches
Area Protestant and Catholic |
Protestant:Scandinavia and north german states, england, scotland, and united provinces, Catholic-Spain, Protugal, France, Italy |
Downfall of Jesuits |
Their power lead to enemeies and nationalization of church meant controlling Jesuits and thus kicked out of the church and dissolved |
pogroms |
jewish communities looted and massacred |
pietism |
movement in Germany that goals was to foster a personal experience with God as the focus of a true relgious experience and helped challenge the growth of diesm |
John Wesley |
everyone should experience God and open their doors to his grace which lead to Methodism and the revival of Christanity and the need for a spirtual experience |
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Opposition from Abroad
Decleration of Pillnitz |
by austria and prussia that other European powers should help put the French king back in power |
decleration of war on Austria |
people wanted wat since Reactionaries hoped it would cool the Revolution and lead to the old Regime, lefists hoped war would consolidate the Revolution and spread |
Marseillaise becomes a national anthem |
French war song sung when national graudsmen called to defend Paris |
sans-culottes(without breaches) |
defear in war and economics cauased popular groups, power passed from assembly to Paris commune which was mostly made of them |
insecuration in Aug 1792 |
groups attached the King and legislative and wanted a national convention to choose future government |
The Radical Revolution
Paris Commune lead by George Danton-excutes suspected traitors |
sought revenge for those who helped the King, Treachery fears increased by Prussia army on France |
National Convention meets in Septemeber |
acts as soverign ruling body in France |
Universal Male Suffrage |
everymale included |
abolition of the monarchy |
establishment of a republic |
spilt into fractions-Girondins and the "Mountain"(Montagnards) |
over fate of the King, both members of the Jacobins |
The Catholic Church
Land confiscated to issue assignats |
based on collateral of nationalized chruch property and Church secularized |
Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
the clergy elected by the people and paid by the state, forced to accept the Civil Constitution, Church now enemy of the Revolution |
Constitution of 1791
Establishment of a Constitution monarchy with real powers residing in the Legislative Assembly |
King had few powers and Legislative assembly elected by a few affluent members of society |
distinction of active and passive citizens |
active citizens were 25 yrs old or above, pay taxes and vote for electors who chose deputies who payed even more taxes |
Administrative restructuring |
France divided into equal departments with district and communities with officals, government was mostly in the hands of bourgeiosie |
Opposition from Within
Clerics |
angered by the Civil Constituation of the Clergy |
Lower Classes |
hurt by the rising cost of living because of assignats inflation |
Peasants |
opposed to dues not abandoned |
radical political club, the Jacobins, created to offer new solutions |
formed a group all around France, members were elite of local socity |
continuing financial pressure |
tax envasion countinued, politicans still unified on trust in the King |
King attempts to flee to Verennes |
leads to the National Assembly saying he was kidnapped and 1st legislative assembly held |
Domestic Crisis and Foriegn Crisis
factional disputes between Girondins and Montagnards |
Girondins-wanted to keep the king alive while Mountagnards-interests of Paris and strenght from radicals and populars in the city |
execution of Louis XVI |
Mountains won, destruction of old regime complete |
counterrevolution in the Vendee |
In paris, by peasants who wanted the old regime but the Commune invaded the National Conventions and executued Girondions to leave the Mountains in control |
Military Losses |
French welcomed an infromal coalition of Europe but were losing and many countries poised to invade |
Committee of Public Safety seeks to mobilize the people and curb counterevolution |
executive powers lead by Danton, same people reelected |
Robespierre is an important member |
wanted to use power to benefit people in an abstract basis |
More on the Radical Revolution
A Nation in Arms(levee en masse) |
universal mobilization, used to push allies back adn conquer Netherlands |
Committee of Public Safety and Reign of Terror |
Revolutionary courts organized to protect Republcis from internal enemies who did not support the revolution victims mostly royalists to revolutionary Girondins and victim # very high, military forced used to bring cities back into control such as Marsailes and Lyons, no class predjuice among victims, Rousseus's concept of free will with 12 men tasking upon themselves to ascertain the will of France and kill enemies |
"Republic of Virtue" |
Goal:control France and create a new republican order explain war emergency measures and implement the law |
Law of General Maximum |
price control on necessitys, failed to work since govt could not enforce it |
The Role of Womens |
made sure members and deputes knew their demands, women asked the national convention for bread and were rejected, society for revolutionary women-composed mainly of working class women, women forbideen from Paris Commune because women's place was at home and raise furture poltical leaders |
De-Christianization |
part of the radical phase that aimed to create a secular socity, saint removed and chruches closed |
New Calender |
symbolized the opportunity to create a new government and new order, date starts from when French Republic proclaimed |
Temple of Reason |
left over days represent revolutionary virtues, Norte-Dame cahnged to the Temple of Reason, dechristinazation backfired since France was mainly Catholic and ended up creating more enemies than friends |
Equality and Slavery: in France and colonies(Toussaint L' Overture) |
the society friends of black advoated against slavery and when national convention came into power, governement abolished slavery in colonies, lead a revolit in Haiti and acheived independence |
Decline of the Committee of Public Safety |
the law of 14 Frimaire allowed the Commitiee to centralize administration and exercise greater control to check the Region of Terror. Then the Committe turned against radical parisans which alliented a group and then Antirobesipeere coalitlon killed Robespierre |
Reaction and the Directory
Thermidorian Reaction |
Terror ended, National Convention stomped power of Committee, Jacobins gone, churchs open and freedom of worship, lassiez-faire back, new consistuation reflects conservation republicanism |
Constitution of 1795 |
national legislative assembly made of two chambers, lower house was council of 500 initiated legisalive and upper house of counil of elders would accept or reject laws, member choosen by electors who has to own or rent a certain amount of property |
Directory |
Five director elected by the Council of Elders |
Period of stagnation and reliance on the military for political power |
national convention ruled 2/3 of new members of national assembly from there which caused disturbances and inserruction lead by Napolean |
Gracchus Babeuf and the Conspiracy of Equals |
"what is the French Rev?", appalled at the misery of the commone people and wanted to abolish private property |
The Rise of Napolean
Background and Education |
went to military school where he spent time reading the classics |
Napoleon's military carrer |
Quickly rose through the ranks and saved the National Convention from the Parison mob to become Major General, defeated Austrians, paricipated in a coup etat that lead to his dictatorship |
Napolean in control |
Republic of France proclaimed |
Consituation with a bicameral legislative that reduced the role of electors |
Napolean acts as First Consuel |
controlled legislative authrotiy and all ascpets of government |
First Consul for Life |
crowned Emperor Napoleon I, 1804 |
retuned france to monarchy and gave stablization to the Regime |
Domestic Polices of Emperor Napolean
Napolean and the Catholic Church |
needed to reconile with Church to stablize regime and worked with Pope Pius VII to restablish the church and people , Condordatt gave state the most power with the ability to nominate bishops |
A New Code of Laws |
Code Napoleon(Civil Code) |
Preserves revolutionary gains |
recognizes the principle of equality for all citizens and rights of all individuals |
protects property and individuals |
protects rights but also the empolyer |
restores control of fathers over families |
undid rights established during the Radical phase and women now less equal than men |
The French Rureaucracy |
Centralization |
elimanted locally elected assemblies and lead to new officals |
Prefects |
officals who oversaw all ascepts of a local government and depended on government for jobs |
tax collection |
made sure people payed |
meritocracy |
jobs based on merit |
Napolean's growing despotism-Germaine de Stael |
new aristocracy who had protection according to property rights and conscription, newspapers shut down and censoring, Germaine de Stael wrote how the government was trynical and she was banned but countinued to write |
Naopolean's Empire and European Response
Peace of Amiens |
Napolean wanted to end war to settle new govt, France got new land |
Renewal of War |
War renewed with same enemies but Napolean defeted them |
By June 1807, Napoleon's Grand Army defeated the continential members of teh coalition, giving him the opportunity to create a new European order and Treaty of Tilist |
ended fighting and gave Napolean the opportunity for a new European order |
Napolean's grand empire |
composed of the French empire, dependent states, and allied states |
allied states were those defeared by Napolean |
Napolean demanded obiedence but allowed legal eqality, relgionious tolerations, and economic freedom |
Engligntment ideas, needed a common front against British and ego but clergy and nobility lost a lot of privilages |
The Problem of Great Britians:Battle of Trafalgar and Continental System |
Napolean could not defeath English sea power and Continernetal system attempted to weaken British economically but allied states helped Britiain and overseas markets |
Nationalism(franernite) arises, espically in German states |
formed during emphasis on brotherhood |
The Fall of Napolean |
lead to Louis XVIII in power |
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