Anxiety Disorders + OCD x PTSD
Social Anxiety Disorder |
intense fear of social situations, fear of judgement |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
excessive + uncontrollable worry that persists for 6+ months, constantly in state of ANS arousal |
Panic Disorder |
unpredictable, minute long episodes of intense dread, might experience terror/panic attack symptoms |
Specific Phobia |
persistent, irrational fear of something (ex. arachnophobia: spiders) |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
unwanted repetitive thoughts (the obsession), actions followed (the compulsion) |
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
haunting memories, nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli 4+w after traumatic event |
Depressive/Psychotic Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder |
experiences >= 5 symptoms, depressed mood (2+w) |
Persistent Depressive Disorder |
aka dysthymia, feel depressed for most days for 2yrs+ (milder form of depression) |
Bipolar I |
experiencing euphoric, talkative, highly energetic state, lasting w+ |
Bipolar II |
less severe form of bipolar disorder, switch between depression x milder hypomania |
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder |
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech/thinking x motor movement, negative symptoms |
Hallucinations |
false perceptions - auditory/visual, tactile (skin sensation), distorted taste/smell |
Delusions |
persecution (paranoia) x grandeur (wow i'm him) x sin/guilt (he forgot to take trash out, that's why he died) x influence ("the devil told me to do it") |
symptoms include: reduced interest in activities, challenges regarding appetite/weight/sleep, feeling worthless, suicide ideation
Personality Disorders
Cluster A |
odd, eccentric thinking & behavior |
Cluster B |
dramatic, overly emotional, unpredictable thinking |
Cluster C |
anxious, fearful thinking & behavior |
Paranoid Personality Disorder |
(a) suspicious & distrust in others |
Schizoid Personality Disorder |
(a) social detachment, limited emotional expression |
Schizotypal Personality Disorder |
(a) intense social discomfort, behavioral eccentricity |
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) |
(b) impulsivity, unstable relationships x self image |
Histrionic Personality Disorder |
(b) attention seeking, excessive emotionality |
Antisocial Personality Disorder |
(b) exhibits lack of wrongdoing conscience, can be ruthless/aggressive, manipulates/exploits others for personal gain |
Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
(b) grandiosity, looking for admiration, lack empathy, feeling of superiority |
Avoidant Personality Disorder |
(c) social inhibition, feeling inadequate |
Dependent Personality Disorder |
(c) submissive, emotional neediness (heavily dependent on someone else, i assume.) |
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder |
(c) (NOT OCD) pervasive pattern of perfectionism, orderliness, and control |
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Perception (Visual)
Cornea |
light enters; bends light to provide focus (refraction) |
Pupil |
adjustable, small opening |
Iris |
dilates/constricts in response to light |
Lens |
transparent structure, changes shape to help focus image on retina |
Retina |
light-sensitive back inner surface, contains cones + rods x layers of neurons that process visual info |
Cones |
see color, finer details in fit conditions |
Rods |
see grayscale, helps us see in dark |
Ganglion Cells |
transmits visual info -> brain via optic nerve |
Bipolar Cells |
transmits photoreceptor info (cone/rods) to ganglion cells |
Feature Detectors |
nerve cells in visual cortex that responds to specific elements; edges, lines, movement |
Fovea |
responsible for high-acuity vision, retinal area of focus |
Optic Nerve |
nerve fibers that transmit visual info to brain, made of ganglion cells |
Blind Spot |
no receptor cells, optic nerve leaves eye |
Young-Helmholtz Trichroma Theory |
when the 3 RGB receptors combine, they can produce perception of any color |
Opponent-Processing Theory |
we perceive colors in terms of opposing pairs: red/green x blue/yellow x white/black |
Perception (Auditory/Miscellaneous)
Amplitude |
physical strength of a wave, determines volume |
Pitch |
sound's high/low, frequency of wave determined in hz; x frequency |
Frequency |
complete wavelengths that pass a point in given time; x pitch |
Cochlea |
snail-like bone in inner ear, soundwaves traveling through fluid trigger neural impulses |
Middle Ear |
concentrate vibrations of eardrum on cochlea's oval window - hammer x anvil x stirrup |
Sensorineural Hearing Loss |
damage to cochlea hair cells/nerves |
Conduction Hearing Loss |
damage to eardrum/middle ear bones |
Frequency Theory |
rate of nerve impulses traveling up to auditory nerve matches with frequency of a tone, enabling us to sense pitch [LOW, NOT HIGH] |
Place Theory |
links pitch w/ cochlea membranes, stimulated [HIGH, NOT LOW] |
Volley Principle |
neurons can't fire more than 1,000/s, rapidly alt. fire for +efficiency |
Memory Encoding
Encoding |
process of moving info into memory system (hippocampus) |
Storage |
retention of encoded material over time |
Retrieval |
getting the information out of memory system |
Sensory Memory |
brief, initial split second encoding for all sensory info |
Iconic Memory |
fleeting, visual memory (0.5s) |
Echoic Memory |
momentary, auditory memory (0.5-4s) |
Working Memory |
encode from sensory memory, goes to short term memory - "scratchpad" |
Long Term Memory |
no limit/capacity, unlimited storage |
Visuospatial Sketchpad |
info about objects in relation to space - ex. where a car is parked |
Phonological Loop |
holds auditory info in short term - ex. reciting phone # in head until you can write it down |
Explicit (declarative) Memory |
facts/experiences we know - the "what" |
Implicit (non-declarative) Memory |
skills learnt, conditioned association - the "how" |
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Sleep
nREM-1 |
alpha waves, hallucination, hypnagogic sensations |
nREM-2 |
theta waves, sleep spindles |
nREM-3 |
delta waves, "deep sleep", sleepwalking |
REM |
beta waves, dreams |
Insomnia |
hard time falling asleep |
Narcolepsy |
sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness -> bad when driving/tasks that need conscious focus |
Sleep Apnea |
difficulty of breathing while sleeping, linked to obesity + depression |
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder |
acting out your dreams |
* as night goes on, N3 disappears
* alpha -> theta -> delta -> beta (ATDB)
Reinforcement + Punishment
Fixed Ratio |
every x time condition met, give reward (ex. every 3 purchases -50%) |
Variable Ratio |
after ? times condition met, give reward (ex. lottery) |
Fixed Interval |
every x hours/minutes/time measurement, give reward (ex. 1 fish after 2 hours) |
Variable Interval |
after ? hours/minutes/time measurement, give reward (ex. holding angle w/ op) |
Positive Punishment (+P) |
adds something unpleasant, -behavior |
Negative Punishment (-P) |
takes away something good, -behavior |
Positive Reinforcement (+R) |
rewards something good, +behavior |
Negative Reinforcement (-R) |
takes away something bad, +behavior |
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