A&P Chapter 2 NAHHH Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by Xyloswagg96

2.1a MATTER­,EL­EME­NTS­,PE­RIODIC TABLE
Body has=	matter	Matter is present in	liquid­,gas, and solid
Atom compos­ition=	neutron	proton	electrons
Amu=	Neutro­n+P­roton
Atomic Number=	# of protons
Atomic Mass=	(Atomic Weight)=	Proton & Neutron
2.1b ISOTOPES
Isotopes=	same Proton & Electrons	different Neutrons
Average Atomic Mass=	average isotopes
Physical half-life=	50% of radioi­sotope	to become stable
Biological Half-Life=	Half of medicine to be destroyed
2.1c STABILITY & OCTATE RULE
Valence Shell=	Exterior Electron Layer
Octet Rule=	8 Valence ELectrons=	stability

2.1a IONS
Ions=	positive or negative charge
Cations=	Loss of Electron	Anion=	gain of electron
2.2b IONIC BONDS
Ionic Bonds=	Positi­ve+­Neg­ative bond=	Salt structure
Ionic Compound Ex:=	NaCl

2.3 a COVALENT MOLECULES
Covalent Bond=	charge equili­brium
Molecular Formule=	# & type of element	Structural Formula =	Arrang­ement
Isomers=	Same Molecular formula	different structure
2.3 b COVALENT BONDS
Can have bonds up to:	single	double	triple
Polarity depends on	Electr­one­gat­ivity
Polar=	pull	nonpolar=	no pull
2.3 c POLARITY & AMPIPATHIC
non polar contains=	non polar bonds	polar contain	polar bonsd
Ampipathic Molecule=	can have both poles
2.3d ATTRACTION
Interm­ole­cular attrac­tion=	weak attraction	Ex:=	Hydrogen Bond
van der Waals forces=	non polar attraction	Occurs moment­arily=	when charge differs

2.4 a STRUCTURE
H2O	water molecule ability=	form 4 hydrogen bond with	hydrogen bonds
2.4b PROPERTIES
Phases= Transports	Lubricates	Cushions	Excretes Waste
Water has=	Cohesion	Surface Tension	Adhesion
High=	Specific Heat	Heat of Vapori­zation
2.4 c UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
Water=	Solvent	Stuff that gets dissolved =	Solute
Hydrop­hyllic=	dissolves in water
Dissolve in water	but do not remain intact=	dissociate
Electr­olytes	Dissolve	Conduct Current
Non Polar=	does not dissolve =	hydrop­hobic	Ex: Fats
Partially Dissolve=	Ampipathic Molecules

2.6 a WATER MIXTURES
Suspen­sion=	Large Solutes	Scatter Light	Settle if not in motion
Colloid=	Small Solute	Scatter light	do not settlte
Solution=	Smallest Solute	Do not scatter light	do not settle
Emulsion=	Polar+­Non­Polar=	form when mixed
2.6 b SOLUTION CONCEN­TRATION
Mass/V­olume =	mg Solute=dL Solution
Mass/V­olume Percent=	grams/100 mL
Molarity=	Moles solute/L solution
Molality=	Moles solute/kg Solvent
Osmoles dependent=	dissolves in solution
Osmola­rity=	# particles in 1 litre solution
Osmlality=	# of paritcles in 1 kilogram	of water
mole=	6.022X­10^23
Molecular Mass=	Add up AMU

2.5 a WATER=­NEUTRAL SOLVENT
H2O+	H2O->	H3O^+ +	OH^-
H3O^+=	Hydronuim	OH^-=	Hydroxide Ion
2.5 b ACIDS & BASES
ACid=	Proton Donor	Base=	Proton ACceptor
2.5 c pH BUFFERS
Neutral=	7
Buffer =	Prevent pH Change

27a GENERAL CHARAC­TER­ISTICS
Organic Molecules=	contain carbon	Inorganic molecules=	every other molecule
Hydroc­arbons=	C-H
Polymers=	Monomers=	Identical chemical Structure
Dehydr­ation=	forms	Hydration=	breakdown
2.7 LIPIDS
Types: Trigly­cerides	Phosph­olipids	Steroids	Eicosa­noids
Tryglc­erides=	energy storage	14-20 carbon long
Fatty Acid:	Satura­tion= lacks double bond	Unsatu­rat­ed=­pos­sesses double bond	polyun­sat­urated= double bond+
Phosph­olipid membrane=	Hypdro­phyllic side	hypdro­phobic side
Steroid Ring	4 rings consisting of hydroc­arbons
Eicosa­noids =	20 carbon fatty acids=	commun­icate with nervous system=	signaling molecules
2.7 c CARBS!!!
Glucos­e->	Glycog­eni­sis­->	Glycogen	(Reversed with Glycog­eno­lysis)
6-Carbon Sugars (Hexose)=	Galactose Fructose
5-Carbon Sugars (Pentose)=	Ribose	Deoxyr­ibose
Disacc­har­ides=	Sucrose	Lactose	Maltose
2.7 NUCLEIC ACIDS
Single Ring= Pyrimi­dines=	Cytosine	Uracil	Thymine
Double Ring= Purines=	Adenine	Guanine
DNA & RNA	composed of Nucleo­tides	linked through Covalent Bonds	called phospo­hdi­ester bonds
DNA possesses=	deoxyr­ibose sugar	phosphate	1 of the nitrog­enous bases
Nitrog­enous bases= THymine	adenine	guanine	cytosine
RNA posses­sess=	ribose	phosphate	1 of 4 nitrog­enous bases
RNA Nitrog­enous Bases= Adenine	Guanine	Cytosine	Uracil
DNA/RNA Differ­ences=	2/1 Strands	Deoxyr­ibo­se/­Ribose	Thymin­e/U­racil
2.7 e PROTEINS
Protein Functions= Catalysts	defense	Transport	Structural Support
Cause Movement	Perform Regulation	Provide Storage
Amino Acids ->	Monomers ->	Proteins
Amino Acids	Covalents Bonded=	Peptide Bonds
3-20 Amino Acids=	Oliope­ptide
21-199 Amino Acids=	Polype­ptide
200+ Amino Acids=	Protein	Protein+ Carb=	Glycop­rotein

2.8 a AMINO ACIDS
Amino Acids groups= Nonpolar	Polar	Charged	special Function
Nonpolar amino acids=	R group=	hydrogen or Hydroc­arbons	groups with nonpolar amino acids
polar amino acids	contain R groups	interacts with polar and	water molecules
charged amino acids=	Negative have: Glutamate & Aspartate	Positive Charge Have: Histidine, Lysine, arginine
Special Functi­ons:=	Proline, Cysteine, and Methionine
2.8 SEQUENCE & PROTEIN CONFOR­MATION
4 Protein shapes= Primary	Secondary	Tertiary	Quaternary
Primary=	Linear Amino ACids
Secondary=	Alpha Helix	Beta Sheet
Tertiary Structure=	3-dime­nsional shape	repeating secondary structure
quarte­rnary structure=	2+ proteins
Denature=	PH change	Temper­ature Change