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Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

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This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

1.3: Levels of Organi­zation

1.4: Charac­ter­istics of Life

Movement
change in position, motion
Responsiveness
sense and react to change
Growth
increase in body size
Reproduction
production in new organisms and new cells
Respir­ation
obtaining oxygen; removing CO2, releasing energy from food
Digestion
breakdown of food
Absorption
passage of substances in body fluids
Circul­ation
movement of substances in body fluids
Assimi­lation
changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion
removal of wastes products by metabolic reactions

1.5: Mainte­nance of Life

Environmental Factor
How it helps to maintain life
Water
provides the necessary environment for reactions; required for metabolism and transport; regulates body temperature
Food
provides nutrients, supplies energy, supplies raw materials for growth
Oxygen
1/5 of air, use to release energy from nutrients in metabolic reactions
Heat
partly contols rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
atmosp­heric - for breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
hydros­tatic - keeps blood flowing
*Both the quality and quantity of these factors is important

Homeos­tasis: mainta­ining a stable internal enviro­nment
Homeos­tatic Control Mechanisms:
      monitor aspects of the internal
      enviro­nment and correct as
      needed
      operate through positive and
      negative feedback loops

Feedback Loops

Stimulus - a change in an organ or tissue that causes a reaction
Receptors - monitor the environment and detect changes (stimuli)
Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)
Effectors - initiate the response that regulates the conditions of the internal environment
Return to set point/shut off - internal conditions return to normal and feedback loop is shut off
  

Feedback Mechanisms

Type of Feedback
Description
Examples
Negative Feedback
inhibits stimulus, prevents sudden changes with constant small adjust­ments, corrects set point BACK to normal, most common
- body temperature
- blood pressure
- calcium regulation
- glucose regulation
Positive Feedback
enhances stimulus, increased the actions of the body away from the set point, temporary, don't require continuous adjust­ments
- blood clotting
- contra­ctions in child birth

Body Cavities

Organs of the Body Cavities

Cavities within the Head

Serous Membranes

- Line body cavities and cover organs to reduce friction between organs and cavity walls
- made of epithelial tissue and secrete serous fluid to act as a lubricant
      - parietal layer: lines the cavity
      - visceral layer: covers the
        organ
      - serous cavity: space between
         the layers with serous fluid

Thoracic Serous Membranes

- Visceral pleura
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral perica­rdium
- Parietal perica­rdium

Abdomi­nop­elvic Serous Membranes

- Parietal peritoneum
- Visceral peritoneum
  

Terms of Relative Position

Superior - above
Inferior - below
Anterior/ventral - toward the front
Posterior/dorsal - toward the back
Medial - toward the midline
Lateral - away from the midline
Ipsila­teral - same side
Contra­lateral - opposite sides
Proximal - close to point of attachment
Distal - farther from the point of attachment
Superf­icial - close to body surface
Deep - more internal

Relative Position

Body Planes

Abdomi­nop­elvic Regions

Abdomi­nop­elvic Quadrants

Body Regions