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Introduction to Epidemiology Chapter 4 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Cheat sheet for chapter 4.

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Termin­ology

Chronic disease epidem­iology
Study of the distri­bution and determ­inants of chronic diseases and conditions in human popula­tions and the applic­ation of this study to prevent and control these diseases and condit­ions.
Latency period.
The time from exposure to clinical signs of a chronic disease.
Multif­act­orial etiology
Disease with multiple cause factors.
Enviro­nment
Physical, chemical, biolog­ical, and social factors that can influence the health status of people.
Physical stresses
Factors that influence health and health­-re­lated behaviors include excessive heat, cold, and noise; radiation (elect­rom­agn­etic, ultras­ound, microwave, x-irra­dia­tion); vehicular collis­ions; workplace injuries; climate change; ozone depletion; housing; and so on.
Ionizing radiation
High-e­nergy radiation capable of breaking chemical bonds in atoms and molecules. Therefore causes cancer.
Toxico­kin­etics
Area of study on how a chemical substance enters the body and the course it takes while in the body.
Malnut­rition
Occurs in people experi­encing either undern­utr­ition or overnu­tri­tion.
Undern­utr­ition
A conseq­uence of consuming too few essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients or excreting them faster than they can be replen­ished.
Overnu­trition
A form of malnut­rition in which there is an excessive intake of nutrients.
Disability
The diminished capacity to perform within a prescribed range.
Impairment
Any loss or abnorm­ality of psycho­log­ical, physio­logic, or anatomic structure or function.
Activity limitation
Involves difficulty an individual may have in executing activi­ties.
Partic­ipation restri­ction
Any problem indivi­duals may experience in their involv­ement in life situat­ions.

Priorities in Disease Prevention and Control

Which disease, disorder, or condition has the greatest impact on illness, disabi­lity, injury, lost work time or school time, unnece­ssary use of health resources, rehabi­lit­ation costs, family disrup­tion, economics, and costs?
Are special popula­tions or groups of people suffering from exposures to diseases, agents, risk factors, or hazards?
Which suscep­tible popula­tions are most likely to respond to preven­tion, interv­ention, and control measures?
Which risk factors, diseases, agents, or hazards are most likely to respond to control measures?
Are there diseases, disabi­lities, injuries, disorders, or conditions that need to be invest­igated, that are being overlo­oked, or that are not being responded to by other organi­zations or agencies?
Of the many risk factors, diseases, agents, or hazards, which would yield the greatest improved health status, social impact, and economic benefit to the target popula­tion?

Priorities in Disease Prevention and Control

Which disease, disorder, or condition has the greatest impact on illness, disabi­lity, injury, lost work time or school time, unnece­ssary use of health resources, rehabi­lit­ation costs, family disrup­tion, economics, and costs?­dis­abi­lity, injury, lost work time or school time, unnece­ssary use of health resources, rehabi­lit­ation costs, family disrup­tion, economics, and costs?
Are special popula­tions or groups of people suffering from exposures to diseases, agents, risk factors, or hazards?
Which suscep­tible popula­tions are most likely to respond to preven­tion, interv­ention, and control measures?
Which risk factors, diseases, agents, or hazards are most likely to respond to control measures?
Are there diseases, disabi­lities, injuries, disorders, or conditions that need to be invest­igated, that are being overlo­oked, or that are not being responded to by other organi­zations or agencies?
Of the many risk factors, diseases, agents, or hazards, which would yield the greatest improved health status, social impact, and economic benefit to the target popula­tion?
Of the many risk factors, diseases, agents, or hazards, which are of national, regional, state, or local concern and of major priority for an epidem­iol­ogical invest­iga­tion?

Priorities in Disease Prevention and Control

Which disease, disorder, or condition has the greatest impact on illness, disabi­lity, injury, lost work time or school time, unnece­ssary use of health resources, rehabi­lit­ation costs, family disrup­tion, economics, and costs?­dis­abi­lity, injury, lost work time or school time, unnece­ssary use of health resources, rehabi­lit­ation costs, family disrup­tion, economics, and costs?
Are special popula­tions or groups of people suffering from exposures to diseases, agents, risk factors, or hazards?
Which suscep­tible popula­tions are most likely to respond to preven­tion, interv­ention, and control measures?
Which risk factors, diseases, agents, or hazards are most likely to respond to control measures?
Are there diseases, disabi­lities, injuries, disorders, or conditions that need to be invest­igated, that are being overlo­oked, or that are not being responded to by other organi­zations or agencies?
Of the many risk factors, diseases, agents, or hazards, which would yield the greatest improved health status, social impact, and economic benefit to the target popula­tion?
Of the many risk factors, diseases, agents, or hazards, which are of national, regional, state, or local concern and of major priority for an epidem­iol­ogical invest­iga­tion?
 

Process of Toxico­kin­etics

Absorption
Entrance of the substance into the body.
Distri­bution
Movement of the substance from where it enters the body to other sites in the body, such as the liver, blood and lymph circul­ation, kidney, and lungs.
Biotra­nsf­orm­ation
Transf­orm­ation produced by the body of the substance into new chemicals.
Excretion
Ejection of the substance or metabo­lites from the body.

Health Belief Model

Viruses and Cancer

Workplace Carcin­ogens Examples

Medicare Chronic Disease Services by Age

Medicare Chronic Disease Services by Sex

Sources of Radiation Exposure in the U.S.