Communication |
the process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction |
Symbols |
represent people, things, ideas, and events |
Linear communication |
Sender encodes a message that is conveyed to a receiver, who decodes it |
noise |
any force that interferes with the accurate reception of the message (external, physiological, psychological) |
Channel |
method a message is conveyed between people |
Media |
intervening mechanisms |
environments |
fields of experience that influence how they interpret others' behavior |
Transactional communication |
people send a receive messages simultaneously |
feedback |
communicator's response to another's message |
Intrapersonal communication |
communicating with oneself (inner voice) |
dyadic communication/interpersonal communication |
two people interacting (in person or through mediated channels) |
Small group communication |
each person can participate actively with other members |
organized communication |
larger collections of people work collectively to achieve goals |
Public communication |
Unequal amount of speaking among the members |
Mass communication |
messages transmitted to large, widespread audiences (via electronic or print media) |
communication competence |
achieving one's goals in a manner that, ideally, maintains or enhances the relationship in which it occurs |
Cognitive complexity |
ability to understand issues from a variety of perspectives |
self monitoring |
paying close attention to one's own behavior and using these observations to make effective choices. |
Self concept |
a set of largely stable perceptions individuals have of themselves |
self esteem |
evaluation of self worth |
personality |
characteristic ways you think and behave across a variety of situations |
reflected appraisal |
the influence of others on one's self concept |
social comparison |
evaluating yourself in comparison to others |
self fulfilling prophecy |
occurs when a person's expectation of an outcome and subsequent behavior makes the outcome more likely to occur |
Perception |
the way people regard others and the world around them |
selection |
paying attention to some stimuli while ignoring others |
organization |
arranging information to make meaning of it |
Interpretation |
making the information make sense |
stereotypes |
oversimplified or inaccurate ideas tied to social categorization |
sex |
biological category |
gender |
a socially constructed set of expectations |
gender matrix |
recognizes gender as a multidimensional collection of qualities |
implicit bias |
unconsciously held associations about a social group |
narratives |
stories people create to make sense of the world |
attribution |
the process of attaching meaning to behavior |
Self serving bias |
When others suffer- blame their personal qualities. When we suffer-find explanations outside of ourselves |
Negativity bias |
focus more on negative impressions than on positive ones |
Horns effect |
perceiving others in an unfairly negative light on the basis of a single negative trait or experience |
Empathy |
the ability to imagine another person's perspective |
Sympathy |
compassion for another's predicament |
Perception checking |
structure way to boost understanding and empathy and minimize defensiveness and show respect |
Emotional intelligence |
the ability to understand and manage your own emotions and deal effectively with the emotions of others |
Identity management |
communication strategies meant to influence how others view us |
perceved self |
reflection of self concept (not public self) |
Presenting self |
public image- way you want to appear to others |
face |
presenting self |
facework |
verbal and nonverbal ways people maintain their own presenting image and image of others |
frame stitching |
adopting different perspectives based on the cultures and situations in which you find yourself |
scripts |
habitual behaviors people have developed overtime |
high self monitors |
pay close attention to their own behavior and to others' reactions, adjusting thei communication to create the desired impression |
low self monitors |
express what they are thinking and feeling without much attention to the impression their behavior creates |
Jargon |
Specialized vocabulary that functions as a linguistic shorthand for ppl with common backgrounds |
Euphemism |
a mild or indirect term substituted for a more direct but potentially less pleasant one |
Overly Abstract language |
speech that refers to events or objects only vaguely |
Behavioral descriptions |
1. Who is involved 2. in what circumstances does the behavior occur 3. What behaviors are involved |
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