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Polar vs Non-PolarPolar | Non-Polar | made with two or more non-metals | no electrical poles | one end has a positive charge, the other has a negative. | electrons divided more equally | has electrical poles | charges cancel out | soluble in water | not soluble in water, but maybe like oil |
Ionic vs CovalentIonic | Covalent | electrons not shared equally | electrons shared equally | high melting point | low melting point | between one metal and one non-metal | between two non-metals |
| | Intermolecular ForceLondon Dispersion | weakest intermolecular force.temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. | Dipole-Dipole | occurs between two polar molecules. slightly stronger than london dispersion. slightly positive attracts to slightly negative end. a good example is hydrochloride (HCl) | Ion-Dipole | attraction between an ion and a neutral molecule that has a dipole. most commonly found in solutions.ion with non-polar molecule.weaker than covalent or ionic bonds. polar water and sodium ion. |
| | Non-Polar? Or Polar?Looking at Lewis Structure | if bonds are symetrical, it is non-polar. if it is asymmetrical it is polar. |
Solubility RulesAlways Soluble | Exceptions | Insoluble | Nitrates | "PMS" | silver salts | Acetates (C2,H3,O2-) | P>Pb2 (lead) | hydroxide salts (slightly) | Group 1 (Li+, Na+, etc) | M>Mercury (Hg2) | hydroxide salts of transition metals | Sulfates | S>Silver (Ag) | sulfides of transition metals | Ammonium (NH4+) | | carbonates | Group 17 (F-,Cl-,Br-) | | chromates | | | | phosphates and fluorides |
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