Cheatography
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Cheatsheet for basic solubility rules and qualitative tests
Reactivity Series
Potassium |
Sodium |
Calcium |
Magnesium |
Aluminium |
Carbon |
Zinc |
Iron |
Lead |
Hydrogen |
Copper |
Silver |
Gold |
Addition of Sodium Hydroxide
Cation |
A few drops |
In excess |
Al3+ |
White ppt |
Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln |
Ca2+ |
White ppt |
Ppt is insoluble |
Cu2+ |
Light blue ppt |
Ppt is insoluble |
Fe2+ |
Green ppt |
Ppt is insoluble |
Fe3+ |
Reddish-brown ppt |
Ppt is insoluble |
Pb2+ |
White ppt |
Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln |
Zn2+ |
White ppt |
Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln |
NH4+ |
No ppt |
Ammonia gas evolved upon heating |
Addition of Aqueous Ammonia
Cation |
A few drops |
In excess |
*Al3+ |
White ppt |
Ppt is insoluble |
Ca2+ |
No ppt |
- |
Cu2+ |
Light blue ppt |
Ppt dissolves to give dark blue soln |
Fe2+ |
Green ppt |
Ppt is insoluble |
Fe3+ |
Reddish-brown ppt |
Ppt is insoluble |
*Pb2+ |
White ppt |
Ppt is insoluble |
Zn2+ |
White ppt |
Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln |
*Al3+ and Pb2+ can be identified by using aqueous potassium iodide (KI) which forms yellow ppt in the presence of lead.
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Amphoteric Metal Oxides
Zinc (Zn) |
Aluminum (Al) |
Lead (Pb) |
Acidic Oxides
Sulfur Trioxide |
SO3 |
Sulfuric Acid |
H2SO4 |
*Sulfur Dioxide |
SO2 |
Sulphurous Acid |
H2SO3 |
Nitrogen Dioxide |
NO2 |
Nitric Acid |
HNO3 |
*Dinitrogen Pentoxide |
N2O5 |
Nitric Acid |
HNO3 |
Carbon Dioxide |
CO2 |
Carbonic Acid |
HCO3 |
*Phosphorus (V) Oxide |
P4O10 |
Phosphoric Acid |
H3PO4 |
*Phosphorus (III) Oxide |
P4O6 |
Phosphorous Acid |
H3PO3 |
*Manganese Heptoxide |
Mn2O7 |
Permanganic Acid |
HMnO4 |
*Dichlorine Monoxide |
Cl2O |
Hypochlorous Acid |
HOCl |
*Dichlorine Heptoxide |
Cl2O5 |
Perchloric Acid |
HClO4 |
Basic Oxides
All Group I and II metals (except Beryllium) |
Li2O, Na2O, MgO, CaO, etc. |
*Thallium (I) Oxide |
Tl2O |
*Bismuth (III) Oxide |
Bi2O3 |
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Always Soluble
Sodium |
Na+ |
Potassium |
K+ |
Ammonia |
NH4+ |
Nitrate |
NO3- |
Soluble Salts
All halides |
Except Pb and Ag compounds (e.g. PbCl2) |
All sulphates |
Except Ba, Ca (sparingly soluble) and Pb (e.g. BaSO4) |
Insoluble Salts
All Carbonates |
Except SPA (Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium) |
All Phosphates |
Group I Metals and Ammonium compoundC |
All Hydroxides |
Except SPCM (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium - sparingly soluble, Magnesium - very sparingly soluble) |
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