Cheatography
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Cheatsheet for basic solubility rules and qualitative tests
Reactivity SeriesPotassium | Sodium | Calcium | Magnesium | Aluminium | Carbon | Zinc | Iron | Lead | Hydrogen | Copper | Silver | Gold |
Addition of Sodium HydroxideCation | A few drops | In excess | Al3+ | White ppt | Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln | Ca2+ | White ppt | Ppt is insoluble | Cu2+ | Light blue ppt | Ppt is insoluble | Fe2+ | Green ppt | Ppt is insoluble | Fe3+ | Reddish-brown ppt | Ppt is insoluble | Pb2+ | White ppt | Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln | Zn2+ | White ppt | Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln | NH4+ | No ppt | Ammonia gas evolved upon heating |
Addition of Aqueous AmmoniaCation | A few drops | In excess | *Al3+ | White ppt | Ppt is insoluble | Ca2+ | No ppt | - | Cu2+ | Light blue ppt | Ppt dissolves to give dark blue soln | Fe2+ | Green ppt | Ppt is insoluble | Fe3+ | Reddish-brown ppt | Ppt is insoluble | *Pb2+ | White ppt | Ppt is insoluble | Zn2+ | White ppt | Ppt dissolves to give colourless soln |
*Al3+ and Pb2+ can be identified by using aqueous potassium iodide (KI) which forms yellow ppt in the presence of lead. | | Amphoteric Metal OxidesZinc (Zn) | Aluminum (Al) | Lead (Pb) |
Acidic OxidesSulfur Trioxide | SO3 | Sulfuric Acid | H2SO4 | *Sulfur Dioxide | SO2 | Sulphurous Acid | H2SO3 | Nitrogen Dioxide | NO2 | Nitric Acid | HNO3 | *Dinitrogen Pentoxide | N2O5 | Nitric Acid | HNO3 | Carbon Dioxide | CO2 | Carbonic Acid | HCO3 | *Phosphorus (V) Oxide | P4O10 | Phosphoric Acid | H3PO4 | *Phosphorus (III) Oxide | P4O6 | Phosphorous Acid | H3PO3 | *Manganese Heptoxide | Mn2O7 | Permanganic Acid | HMnO4 | *Dichlorine Monoxide | Cl2O | Hypochlorous Acid | HOCl | *Dichlorine Heptoxide | Cl2O5 | Perchloric Acid | HClO4 |
Basic OxidesAll Group I and II metals (except Beryllium) | Li2O, Na2O, MgO, CaO, etc. | *Thallium (I) Oxide | Tl2O | *Bismuth (III) Oxide | Bi2O3 |
| | Always SolubleSodium | Na+ | Potassium | K+ | Ammonia | NH4+ | Nitrate | NO3- |
Soluble SaltsAll halides | Except Pb and Ag compounds (e.g. PbCl2) | All sulphates | Except Ba, Ca (sparingly soluble) and Pb (e.g. BaSO4) |
Insoluble SaltsAll Carbonates | Except SPA (Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium) | All Phosphates | Group I Metals and Ammonium compoundC | All Hydroxides | Except SPCM (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium - sparingly soluble, Magnesium - very sparingly soluble) |
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