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MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES CLASS 10 GEO CBSE Cheat Sheet by

class 10 geography cbse chapter 5 minerals and energy resources

MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS

VEINS/­IODES
BEDS/L­AYERS
RESIDUAL MASS OF WEATHERED MATERIAL
ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS
OCEAN
1. occur in igneous and metamo­rphic rocks
1. occur in sedime­ntary rocks
1. formed due to decomp­osition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble contents.
1. minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in the sands of valley floors and the base of hills.
1. ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals but these are too widely diffused to be of economic signif­icance
2. found in cracks, crevices, faults or joints
2. formed as a result of deposi­tion, accumu­lation and concen­tration in horizontal strata
2. bauxite is formed this way
2. these are called placer deposits
2. metals: common salt, magnesium and bromine
3. smaller occurr­ences are called veins, larger are called iodes
3. coal and iron ore have been concen­trated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure
  
3. these contain minerals which are not corroded by water
3. the ocean beds are rich in manganese nodules
4. formed when mineral in liquid­/molten form and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the surface. they cool and solidify as they rise.
4. gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt have been formed as a result of evapor­ation especially in arid regions
  
4. metals: gold, silver, platinum
5. metals: tin, copper, zinc, lead
Minerals are usually found in ores. The term ore is used to describe an accumu­lation of any mineral mixed with other elements. The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concen­tration to make its extraction commer­cially viable. The type of formation or structure in which they are found determines the relative ease with which the mineral ores may be mined. This also determines the cost of the extrac­tion.

NON CONVEN­TIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

NUCLEA­R/A­TOMIC ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
WIND POWER
BIOGAS
TIDAL ENERGY
GEO THERMAL ENERGY
1. obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
1. india is a tropical country and has enormous possib­ilities of tapping solar energy
1. india has great potential for wind power
1. shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consum­ption in rural areas.
1. oceanic tides can be used to generate electr­icity.
1. refers to heat and electr­icity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth
2. energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power.
2. photov­oltaic technology converts sunlight directly into energy
2. the largest wind farm cluster in located in tamil nadu from nagarcoil to madurai
2. decomp­osition of organic matter yields gas which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosense, dung cake and charcoal.
2. floodgate dams are built across inlets. during high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the water gate is closed.
2. the earth grows progre­ssively hotter with increasing depth.
3. uranium and thorium which are available in jharkhand and rajasthan are used for generating atomic power.
3. it will minimise the dependance of rural households on firewood and dung cakes which will in turn contribute to enviro­nmental conser­vation and adequate supply of manure in agricu­lture
3. apart from these, andhra pradesh, karnataka, gujarat, kerala, mahara­shtra and laksha­dweep have important wind farms
3. bio gas plants are set up at municipal, cooper­ative and individual levels.
3. the water is retained by the flood gate and flows back into the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power generating turbine
3. where the geothermal gradient is high, high temper­atures are found at shallow depths.
4. the monazite sands of kerala is also rich in thorium
    
4. the plants using cattle dung are known as gobar gas plants.
4. places: gulf of khambhat, gulf of kuchchh in gujarat, gangetic delta in sunderban regions of west bengal provide ideal conditions for tidal energy
4. ground water in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot.
     
5. provides benefits in form of energy and improved quality of manure and also prevents loss of trees
  
5. it is so hot that when it rises to the earths surface it becomes steam. this steam is used to drive turbines and generate electr­icity.

WHAT IS A MINERAL

1. a mineral is a homogenous naturally occuring substance with a definite internal structure
2. rocks are a combin­ation of homogenous substances called minerals
3. a particular mineral that will be formed from a certain combin­ation of elements depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms
4. this gives us a wide range of colours, hardnes, crystal forms, lustre, density that a mineral possesses

NON - FERROUS MINERALS

COPPER
1. india is critically deficient in copper reserves and production
2. being malleable, ductile and a good conductor, copper is mainly used in electrical cables, electr­onics and chemical indust­ries.
3. mines: balaghat mines in madhya pradesh, khetri mines in rajasthan and singhbhum district of jharkhand
non ferrous minerals play a vital role in a number of metall­urg­ical, engine­ering and electrical industries

NON - FERROUS MINERALS

BAUXITE
1. clay-like substance from which alumina and aluminum is obtained
2. formed by the decomp­osition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silcates
3. aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness and also good conduc­tivity and great mallea­bility
4. india's bauxite deposits are mainly found in the amarkantak plateau, maikal hills and the plateau region of bilsap­ur-­katni.
5. odisha was the largest bauxite producing state in india in 2016-17
6. panchp­atmali deposits in koraput district are the most important bauxite states

ENERGY RESOURCES

1. energy is required for all activities
2. energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electr­icity
3. energy resources can be classified as conven­tional and non-co­nve­ntional sources
4. conven­tional sources: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electr­icity
5. non conven­tional sources: solar, wind, tide, geothe­rmal, biogas and atomic energy

ELECTR­ICITY

1. its per capita consum­ption is considered as an index of develo­pment
2. electr­icity is generated by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electr­icity and by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power
3. hydro electr­icity is generated by fast flowing water which is a renewable resource
4. hydro electric power plants: bhakra nangal, damodar valley corpor­ation, the kopili hydel project, etc.
5. thermal electr­icity is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-re­newable fossil fuels to generate electr­icity

ENERGY RESOURCES

PETROLEUM
1. provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufa­cturing industries
2. petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries
3. most petroleum occurr­ences in india are associated with anticlines or domes. It occurs when oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. the oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow
4. the oil is prevented from rising or sinking by interv­ening non porous layers
5. petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non porous rocks
6. mumbai high, gujarat and assam are major areas for petroleum production
7. places: ankele­shwar, digboi, nahark­atiya and moran-­hug­rijan
 

MINERALS OF INDIA

FERROUS MINERALS
1. account for 3/4ths of the total value of production of metallic minerals
2. provide a strong base for the develo­pment of metall­urgical industries
3. types of ferrous minerals: iron ore and manganese
the concen­tration of the mineral in the ore, the ease of extraction and closeness to market play an important role in affecting the economic viability of a reserve.

FERROUS MINERALS

MANGANESE
1. used in the manufa­cturing of steel and ferro-­man­ganese alloy
2. nearly 10kg is required to manufa­cture 1 tonne of steel
3. used in manufa­cturing bleaching powder, insect­icides and paints
4. states: andhra pradesh, madhya pradesh, karnataka, odisha, mahara­shtra

NON-ME­TALLIC MINERALS

MICA
1. made up of a series of plates or leaves.
2. splits up easily into thin sheets
3. can be clear, back, red-ye­llow, black or brown
4. due to its excellent di-ele­ctric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indisp­ensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries
5. found in the northern edge of the chota nagpur plateau, koderm­a-g­aya­-ha­zar­ibagh belt of jharkhand, ajmer, nellore mica belt of andhra pradesh

NON CONVEN­TIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

1. the growing consum­ption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increa­singly dependant on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.
2. rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncert­ainties about the security of energy supply in future which in turn has serious reperc­ussions on the growth of the national economy.
3. moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels has caused serious enviro­nmental problems
4. hence there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material
5. these are called non conven­tional sources of energy

CONSER­VATION OF MINERALS

1. the total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insign­ificant fraction.
2. we are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concen­trated
3. the geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replen­ishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consum­ption
4. mineral resources are finite and non renewable
5. continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality.
6. improved techno­logies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs
7. recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substi­tutes are steps for conserving out mineral resources for the future

ENERGY RESOURCES

NATURAL GAS
1. found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface
2. used as domestic and industrial fuel
3. used as fuel in power sector to generate electr­icity, for heating purpose in indust­ries, raw material in chemical indust­ries, petroc­hemical and fertiliser industries as transport and cooking fuel
4. with the expansion of gas infras­tru­cture and local city gas distri­bution (COD) networks, natural gas is also emerging as a preferred transport fuel(CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) at homes.
5. places: mumbai high, cambay basin, krishn­a-g­odavari basin
 

CONSER­VATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

1. energy is a basic requir­ement for economic develo­pment
2. every sector of the national economy - agricu­lture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic needs inputs of energy
3. the economic develo­pment plans required increasing amounts of energy to remain operat­ional.
4. as a result, consum­ption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country
5. there is an urgent need to develop a sustai­nable path for energy develo­pment.
6. promotion of energy conser­vation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustai­nable energy.
7. we have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.
8. as citizens we can use public transport systems instead of individual vehicles, switching off electr­icity when not in use, using power saving devices and using non conven­tional sources of energy.

CONVEN­TIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

COAL
1. must abundant fossil fuel in india
2. used for power genera­tion, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs
3. india is highly dependant on coal for meeting its commercial energy requir­ements
4. coal is formed due to the compre­ssion of plant material over millions of years
5. coal is therefore found in a variety of forms depending on the degree of compre­ssion and the depth and time of burial
6. decaying plants in swamps produce peat which has low carbon and high moisture content and low heating capacity
7. lignite is a low grade brown coal which is soft with high moisture content. it is used for electr­icity generation
8. coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temper­atures is bituminous coal. it is the most popular coal for commercial use.
9. metall­urgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
10. Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
11. jharia, raniganj, bokaro, the godavari, mahanadi, son and wardha valleys also contain coal deposits
12. meghalaya, assam, arunachal pradesh and nagaland also contain tertiary coal deposits
13. coal is a bulky material, which loses weight as it is reduced to ash.
14. hence, heavy industries and thermal power plants are located on or near the coalfields

HAZARDS OF MINING

1. dust and noxious fumes inhaled by the miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases
2. rise of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat.
3. the water sources in the region get contam­inated due to mining
4. dumping of waste and slurry leads to degrad­ation of land, soil, and increase in stream and water pollution.
5. stricter safety regula­tions and implem­ent­ation of enviro­nmental laws are essential to prevent mining from becoming a killer industry

ROCK MINERALS

LIMESTONE
1. found in associ­ation with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates
2. found in sedime­ntary rocks
3. basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore

FERROUS MINERALS

IRON ORE
1. basic mineral and the backbone of industrial develo­pment
2. india has fairly abundant resources of iron ore
3. india is rich in good quality of iron ores
4. magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70%
5. it has excellent magnetic proper­ties, especially valuable in the electrical industry.
6. hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite (50-60%)
7. Entire production of iron ore accrued from odisha, jharkhand, chatti­sgarh, karnataka
8. major iron ore belts in india:
- odisha­-jh­arkhand belt: high grade hematite ore is found in odisha and jharkhand
- durg-b­ast­ar-­cha­ndrapur belt: very high grade hematite ores are found. it has the best physical properties needed for steel making
- ballar­i-c­hit­rad­urg­a-c­hik­kam­aga­lur­u-t­umakuru belt: very large reserves of iron ore
- mahara­sht­ra-goa belt: ores are not of very high quality, yet they are effici­ently exploited. Iron ore is exported through marmagao port
           
 

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  • Published: 26th December, 2024

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