What's Blood Made of
Plasma (Liquid) |
55% |
White Blood Cells & Platelets |
Less than 1% |
Red Blood Cells |
45% |
Plasma Portion |
91% Water |
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Maintains blood volume |
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Transports molecules |
7% Proteins |
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Clotting proteins |
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Albumin |
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Immunoglobulins (Antibodies) |
2% Things carried around body |
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Salts |
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Gases (02, CO2) |
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Nutrients |
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Wastes |
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Hormones |
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Vitamins and Minerals |
Blood is 95% Formed Elements(Solid) |
The solid portion of blood is |
Red Blood Cells |
Erythrocytes/Corpuscles |
White Blood Cells |
Leukocytes |
Platelets |
Thrombocytes |
Antigens, Antibodies & Blood type
Antigen |
Identification protein on a RBC |
Glycoprotein on RBC membrane |
There are two kinds of antigens on humans RBC's: A and or B |
Therefore, there are 4 possible blood types: |
Antigen A ---> |
Type A blood |
Antigen B ---> |
Type B blood |
Antigen A & B ---> |
Type AB blood |
No Antigens ---> |
Type O blood |
AntiBody |
A protein designed to combat any foreign protein |
Made by WBC cells in the body |
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Will bind to foreign proteins with foreign antigens |
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This causes agglatination (Clumping) |
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WBC's will then destroy the agglutinated cells |
Foreign Antigen + Your antibodies attack ---> |
AGGLUTINIZATION |
Opposite to the antigens we have on our RBC's |
(So we wont attack our own blood) |
Because of that |
Blood transfusions are tricky.Foreign antigens lead to death |
Blood Type |
Blood Donor |
A |
A & A = Yes A & B = Clumps A & AB = Clumps A & O = Yes |
B |
B & A = Clumps B & B = Yes B & AB = Clumps B & O = Yes |
C |
AB & A = Yes AB & B = Yes AB & AB = Yes AB & O = Yes |
O |
O Clumps with everything except O & O = Yes |
Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries |
Arterioles |
Capillaries |
Venules |
Veins |
Capillary Fluid Exchange (Arteriole & Venule Side)
CFE(Arteriole Side) |
Blood pressure = 40mmHg |
Osmotic pressure = 25 mmHg |
Net blood pressure (15mm Hg) forces water out of the blood into the interstitial fluid |
Water carries with it the CO2 and metabolic wastes |
Because there is more O2 and nutrients in interstitial fluid it |
The large things (Ie:RBC, WBC, platelets, blood proteins) stay in the capillary because they are too big to leave |
Because most of the water has left, the blood becomes very hyperosmotic (Concentrated) |
The venule side of the capillary is therefore under great osmotic pressure to draw water back into the blood |
CFE(Venule Side) |
Osmotic pressure = 25 mmHg |
blood pressure = 10 mmHg |
Blood very concentrated (little water) |
Net osmotic pressure forces water back into the blood |
Water carries with is CO2 and metabolic wastes (urea) |
These are carried to the kidneys and other excretory organs to be removed |
Aorta & Coronary Arteries and Veins
Aorta |
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Biggest artery |
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Carries O2 rich blood from left ventricle to body systems |
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Loops over top of heart creating aortic arch |
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Goes down inside the backbone = Dorsal Aorta |
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Smaller arteries branch off to "feed" the body cells |
Coronary Arteries and Veins |
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Very first branch off the aortic arch |
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Smaller arteries branch off to feed the body cells |
Carotid Arteries |
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Branch off the aortic arch to take the blood to the head |
Supply blood to brain = highly specialized |
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1)Chemoreceptores detect oxygen content |
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2)Pressure receptors detect changes in blood pressure |
Reasonably close to the surface, pulse can be found in neck |
Jugular Veins & Subclavien Arteries/Veins
Jugular Veins |
Take blood out of head region to the anterior vena cava |
These veins do not contain any valves |
Blood flows down them because of gravity only |
Subclavien arteries Veins |
Arteries branch off of aorta and travel under the clavicle |
Branch off to feed chest wall/arms (Via brachial arteries) |
Note for later :Lymphatic ducts join circulatory system right before the subclavian veins meet up with the anterior vena cava |
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Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells |
Facts about RBC |
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No Nuclei |
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Transport CO2 and O2 (Acts like a Butter) |
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Bioconcave discs look like donuts without complete holes! |
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Live for - 120 days (4 months) |
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Dark purple to bright red |
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Contains: hemogloben molecules, carbonic anhydrase, and antigens |
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THere are - 800 million oxygen molecules in each RBC |
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Made in the red bone marrow |
Transports |
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Transports oxygen as oxyhemoglobin (Bright Red) |
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Hb + O2 ---> HbO2 |
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Transports carbon dioxide as carboxhemoglobin |
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Hb + CO2 ---> HbCO2 |
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Transports hydrogen ions as reduced hemoglobin (thus acting as a buffer) |
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Hb + H+ ---> HHb |
Erythroblastosis
Erythroblastosis |
Rh factor is another antigen that may be present on the RBC |
Presence of this antigen plays a role in childbirth |
If you are Rh+ you have the antigen you don't have the D antibodies |
(85% of Caucasions are Rh+) |
You don't normally have the "D" antibodies but can make them if you are exposed to Rh antigens |
Why Else is this Important |
If an Rh- mother can have an Rh+ baby, complication can occure with a second pregnancy |
Normally, the mother/ fetal blood does not mic or cross the placents. |
How Can this be prevented |
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When first Rh+ baby born, doctors can destroy the Rh+ blood cells (in mothers plasma) before mother has time to make Rh Antibodies |
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Rh immune globulin injection (RhoGAM) does this |
Blood Vessels
Arteries |
Function |
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Transport blood away from heart |
Structure |
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Thick, elastic walls |
Location |
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Usually deep, along bones |
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This protects them from injury and temperature loss |
Notes |
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Walls can expand |
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Arteries have very high blood pressure |
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Expansion is the "Pulse" we feel |
Arterioles |
Function |
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Control blood flow to capilaries |
Structure |
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Smaller in diameter than arteries, thinner walls |
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Have pre capillary sphincters |
Notes |
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Blood Pressure > Osmotic Pressure |
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Regulate blood pressure with pre-capillary sphincter muscles (Can dilate or constrict to increase or decrease blood flow to a particular capillary) |
Capillaries |
Function |
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Connect arteries to veins |
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Site capillary-fluid exchange |
Structures |
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Very thin walls |
Location |
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Found everywhere within a few cells of each other |
Venules |
Function |
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Drain blood from capillaries |
Structure |
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Thinner walls than veins |
Location |
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Often near the surface |
Notes |
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Join to form veins |
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Osmotic pressure greater than the blood pressure |
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The end result is no change in blood volume (No volume lost in exchange) |
Veins |
Function |
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Transport blood towards the heart |
Structure |
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Inelastic walls, contain one-way valves |
Location |
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Often near the surface |
Notes |
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Blood pressure & velocity is much lower than in arteries |
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Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards |
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Surrounded by skeletal muscle, "Squeezes" blood along |
How does it all fit together |
Arteries |
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Carry blood away from the heart |
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Elastic |
Cappillaries |
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Very thin tubes |
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Connect arteries to veins |
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Can close down or open up to regulate blood flow |
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Gas exchange |
Veins |
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Bring blood towards the heart |
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Have valves to stop blood from moving backwards |
Mesenteric arteries & Hepatic Portal Vein
Mesenteric Arteries |
Branch off from the dorsal aorta |
Go to the intestines |
Branch into capillaries of the intestinal villi |
Pick up the newly digested nutreints (glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides) |
Hepatic Portal Vein |
Hepatic = Liver; Portal = capillary bed on either end |
This vein transports blood rich in nuctrients directly from the intestines to the liver |
Significant functions related to the circulatory system |
Regulation of Blood [Glucose] |
Destroys old RBC's |
Detoxification of blood |
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White Blood Cells (WBC) & Platelets
WBC |
Make histamines antibodies and hunter killer cels |
Antibodies attach to foreign invaders & the hunter killer cells destroy them |
Fight infection |
WBC's can squeeze out of blood vesells to attack invaders |
Strangely shaped nuclei |
Made of red bone marrow |
Platelets |
150,000-300,000 / mm3 blood |
Fragments of cell no nuclei |
Humans produce 200 billion a day |
Made in bone marrow |
Aid in blood clotting |
recognize micro tears in blood vessels & bined together to form a blood clot |
Steps |
A Vessel and Platelets become Damaged some way |
Step 1 |
Platelets release a protein called thromboglastie |
Step 2 |
Thromboplastin changes prothrombin (a blood protein produced by the liver) into thrombin (requires calcium) |
Step 3 |
Thrombin changes fibrinogen into fibrin (insoluble) |
Step 4 |
Circulatory system two parts
Systemic Circulation |
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System of blood vessels that delivers exygenated blood to body systems |
Pulmonary Circulation |
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System of blood vessels that delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be replenished with oxygen |
The systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood |
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood |
Hepatic Veins, Renal & Iliac Arteries/Veins
Hepatic Veins |
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Carries the blood from liver to posterior vena cava |
Renal Arteries/Veins |
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Renal arteries branch off dorsal aorta and bring blood to kidneys |
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Renal veins take blood from kidneys to posterior vena cava |
Iliac Arteries/Veins |
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Dorsal aorta branches into two iliac arteries in the pelvic area |
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One iliac artery goes down each leg |
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Femoral artery branches off iliac artery to large quadricep muscle |
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Iliac veins return blood to posterior |
Pulmonary Arteries/Veins |
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de02 blood collected from the body is pumped into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle |
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Pulmonary artery brings de02 blood to lungs |
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blood picks up O2 in the alveoli of lungs |
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Pulmonary vein takes high O2 blood back to heart |
Fetal Circulation
A fetus does not use its lungs |
The fetus receives its O2 blood from the Placenta, not its lungs |
To do this, ther are four features in the fetus not presents in the adult |
Foramen Ovale |
This is an opening between the left and right atria |
It is covered by a flup that acts as a valve |
It allows the blood to bypass the lungs |
it reroutes most of the blood from the right atrium into the left atrium |
Ductus Arteriosus (Arterial Duct) |
This is small arterial connection, like a shunt |
Between the pulmonaryartery and the aonta |
It further allows blood to bypass the lungs |
Umbilical Cord |
Has three blood vessels traveling through it |
The largest one is the umbilical vein which transports blood with oxygen and nutrients into the fetus |
The other two are the umbilical arteries which branch off of the iliac arteries in the fetus and take spent (wastes and CO2) blood back into the mother via the placenta |
Ductus Venosus (Venous Duct) |
The blood vessel connects to the vena cava |
The O2 blood from the umbilical vein mixes with deO2 blood in the vena cava |
The ductus veaosus bypasses the l8iver and this blood is sent directly to the heart |
Blood will go to the liver eventually but not until it has reached the hepatic portal vein |
This is why the fetus is so susceptible to toxins in blood |
Changes at Birth |
The First Breath |
The lungs are filled with air instead of fluid and higher oxygen levels of the blood and alveoli results in an increase in pulmonary blood flow |
Anatomical Changes |
The placenta is removed from circulation |
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The foramen ovale, ductus venosus, and ductus arteriosus close |
Lymphatic System
Functions |
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Take up excessive tissue fluids |
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Transport fatty acids and glycerol (From intestines to subclavian vein) |
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Fight infection (Lymphocytes) |
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Trap and remove cellular debris |
Structures |
Lymph Ducts and Capillaries |
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Drain and collect excess fluids from tissues |
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Take fluids to nodes to be cleaned |
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Cleansed lymph travels through lymph ducts to the subclavian vein where they are dumbped into the anterior vena cava |
Lymph Nodes |
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Remove debris from lymph = Cleanse lymph |
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Contain Phagocytic Lymphocytes |
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White Blood Cells make antibodies and attack invaders |
Lactaels |
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Absorb/Transport fatty acids & glycerol in the villi of the small intestine |
Other lymphoid Organs |
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Tonsils, Appendix, Spleen, and Thymus Gland |
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