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OutlineMetabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis , Citric Acid Cycle [Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle] [Krebs cycle] | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Links Glycolysis to the Citric Acid Cycle | The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes Two-Carbon Units | Entry to the Citric Acid Cycle and Metabolism Through It Are Controlled | The Citric Acid Cycle Is a Source of Biosynthetic Precursors | The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules. | Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A. | The function of the citric acid cycle is the harvesting of high energy electrons from carbon fuels. | The citric acid cycle itself neither generates a large amount of ATP nor includes oxygen as a reactant. |
Overview of glucose aerobic oxidation
| | Cellular respirationThe citric acid cycle constitutes the first stage in cellular respiration, the removal of high-energy electrons from carbon fuels in the form of NADH and FADH2 (left). | These electrons reduce O2 to generate a proton gradient (red pathway), | which is used to synthesize ATP (green pathway). The reduction of O2 and the synthesis of ATP constitute oxidative phosphorylation. |
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase links gly to tca
| | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complexPyruvate dehydrogenase component | E1 | TPP | Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase | E2 | Lipoamide | Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase | E3 | FAD | E1 | Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate | E2 | Transfer of acetyl group to CoA | E3 | Regeneration of the oxidized form of lipoamide | E1 -Carbanion of TPP Carbanion of TPP + Pyruvate -> Hydroxyethyl-TPP | E1 -Hydroxyethyl-TPP + Lipoamide -> Carbanion of TPP + Acetyllipoamide(high energy) | E2 -Coenzyme A+Acetyllipoamide -> Acetyl CoA(high energy)+Dihydrolipoamide | E3 -Dihydrolipoamide+FAD->Lipoamide+FADH2--NAD+-->FAD+NADH+H+ |
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