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Outline
Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis , Citric Acid Cycle [Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle] [Krebs cycle] |
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Links Glycolysis to the Citric Acid Cycle |
The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes Two-Carbon Units |
Entry to the Citric Acid Cycle and Metabolism Through It Are Controlled |
The Citric Acid Cycle Is a Source of Biosynthetic Precursors |
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules. |
Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A. |
The function of the citric acid cycle is the harvesting of high energy electrons from carbon fuels. |
The citric acid cycle itself neither generates a large amount of ATP nor includes oxygen as a reactant. |
Overview of glucose aerobic oxidation
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Cellular respiration
The citric acid cycle constitutes the first stage in cellular respiration, the removal of high-energy electrons from carbon fuels in the form of NADH and FADH2 (left). |
These electrons reduce O2 to generate a proton gradient (red pathway), |
which is used to synthesize ATP (green pathway). The reduction of O2 and the synthesis of ATP constitute oxidative phosphorylation. |
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase links gly to tca
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate dehydrogenase component |
E1 |
TPP |
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase |
E2 |
Lipoamide |
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase |
E3 |
FAD |
E1 |
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate |
E2 |
Transfer of acetyl group to CoA |
E3 |
Regeneration of the oxidized form of lipoamide |
E1-Carbanion of TPP Carbanion of TPP + Pyruvate -> Hydroxyethyl-TPP |
E1-Hydroxyethyl-TPP + Lipoamide -> Carbanion of TPP + Acetyllipoamide(high energy) |
E2-Coenzyme A+Acetyllipoamide -> Acetyl CoA(high energy)+Dihydrolipoamide |
E3-Dihydrolipoamide+FAD->Lipoamide+FADH2--NAD+-->FAD+NADH+H+ |
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