Classification of disasters
disasters can fall in multiple categories |
common disasters in india are natural and man- made (flood, cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, landslides) |
natural |
geological (earthquake, landslides)
hydrological (floods, avalaches - rapid flow of snow down slopes)
meterological (hurricane, cyclone - north is anti-clockwise, blizzard)
climatological (wildlife dessertification) |
man made |
industrial and transportation accidents
infrastructure failure
envi disasters caused by - toxic, oil spills,deforestation |
health |
pandemic (global)
epidemic (regional)
biological (biological warfare (for war) and bioterrorism- using bacteria, virus etc with intent to kill/immobilism humans, accidental release of pathogens) |
complex emergencies |
conflict related
humanitarian (famine - shortage of food, mass displacement of pop) |
societal |
economic/financial
social (riots, protests) |
General principles (C4MP GRIEF)
comprehensive approach |
every stage of the cycle is imp |
community participation |
all should take resp + help other |
capacity building |
skills/ learning experience of ppl (eg- firefighters, doctors etc) |
continuous learning (from past disasters) and improvement |
multi-stakeholder collaboration |
in all stages - govt, ngos, private, communities, individuals |
post disaster recovery |
following up and supprting victims even after disaster |
gender & vulnerability consideration |
more support during disasters - women, children, elderly, PWD |
risk reduction and prevention |
information management |
sharing accurate info with authorities + prevent info leaks to public |
early warning signs |
to prevent/mitigate/evacuate |
flexibility & adaptability |
diff strategies for diff disasters (or same disaster in diff times) |
Disaster threats
Traditional threats |
present and experienced for a long time and still causes drastic impact - we have not eliminated/contained them, only somewhat modified their efforts
1. natural phenomenon - earthquakes, cyclones, tsunamis, droughts etc
2. man-made - major accidents
inc in pop has lead to inc in % of death - more ppl living in inhabitable areas, more areas modified and made more vulnerable (eg: tin roofs in areas susceptible to cyclones - lethal weapon)
|
New threats |
arise due to tech, climate change, changing societal dynamics
1. cyberattacks
2. climate change related events - heatwaves, prolonged droughts, extreme storms
3. civil unrest - terrorism, hijacking, wars
4. hazardous substances (bhopal gas tragedy - 1985)
5. atomic & nuclear sources (chernobyl nuclear power plant - 1986) |
Psychological effects of disaster
vary in intensity, duration |
depends on the nature of the disaster, the level of exposure, individual resilience, and available support systems. |
Primary traumatization |
direct emotional and psychological impact experienced by individuals directly exposed (experiencing/witnessing) to the disaster
flashbacks, psych numbing, anxiety, fear, vulnerability |
Secondary traumatization |
also known as vicarious traumatization/compassion fatigue
are indirectly exposed to the disaster through close contact with direct trauma victims
may internalize distress of affected individuals - more guilt, emo swings and fatigue
first responders, healthcare professionals, volunteers, family & friends |
Delayed effects |
sometimes referred to as "delayed onset PTSD"
some people may not immediately display severe reactions to the trauma but develop symptoms later on - after days, weeks, or months after the disaster; maybe triggered by reminders/stressors |
Psychological Conditions |
PTSD (flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance)
Anxiety and Fear (unsafe & lack of control, abt future disasters etc)
Depression (hopelessness, loss of activities)
Grief and Loss
Survivor's Guilt |
Immediate Emotional Responses |
Psychological Shock (numb/detached from reality)
Sleep Disturbances (could be due to anxiety & fear)
Increased Aggression or Irritability |
Cognitive Challenges |
Displacement and Disorientation (from their old homes - difficulty adapting)
Decreased Cognitive Functioning (attention, decision making)
|
Social Impact: |
Social Isolation (social networks might be disrupted after disaster)
Resilience and Post-Traumatic Growth (+ve psych changes and personal growth) |
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|
Psychological / emotional phases of disaster
pre-disaster |
anxiety and fear
occurs before actual disaster
warning/threat
increase preparedness, prevention/mitigation behavior |
impact |
shock, fear, confusion, overwhelm
immediately following disaster |
heroic |
sense of unity
survivors feel altruistic
2 days - 1 week after disaster
help each other, volunteer, form rescue teams, provide food and first aid |
honeymoon |
sense of hope, relief
2-4 weeks after disaster
support pours in from various sources (media, other states & countries etc)
people not involoved guve their attention, time, money and services (food, clothing, shelter, funds) to take car of and help the victims & survivors |
disillusionment |
frustration, exhaustion, emotional fatigue,, impatient
reality check of disaster's long-term impact
people stop caring and providing resoources
survivors have to deal with their losses on their own |
reconstruction |
long-term recovery
bring the population and place to pre disaster state
can last for months, years, decades |
Ethical principles (HEINA)
humanity |
actions should prioritize saving lifes, protecting dignity and ensuring well-being of affected ppl |
equal opportunities |
to access relief, recovery and rehab services |
indeoendency |
disaster management should be free from political, economic and other influences |
non-discrimination |
in rescues, resources |
autonomy |
victims/survivors should be treated with dignity & respect |
Risk and vulnerability analysis - HER V CR(I)MES
done to identify potential hazards, assess likelihood of occurrence & vulnerability of area and pop to it |
hazard indentification |
man-made/natural |
exposure analysis |
areas & pop most vulnerable |
risk assessment |
potential impact, severity, likelihood, frequency- through historic data, scientific modelling & expert judgement |
vulnerability analysis |
assess weakness & resilience of assets and communities - building quality, SES conditions, access to resources and community prepardness |
capacity assessment |
existing resources, preparedness, service availability - of local authorities, org, professionals |
risk communication |
inform public, authorities - to raise awareness, preparedness, mitigation & mobilise resources |
risk Mapping |
visual rep of hazard prone zones, exposure of assests and vulnerable communities |
economic and social impact |
potential loss of life, property damage, disruptions to livelihood etc |
scenario building |
hypothetical (eg: drills) - to better prepare, evacuate and understand consequences |
Factors
Factors affecting vulnerability (reaction/response) of adverse psych effects |
Nature (Inherent Factors): |
- Pre-existing mental health conditions (anxiety, depression, PTSD)
- Genetic and biological predispositions
- Personality traits (self-esteem, neuroticism)
|
Nurture (Developmental and Environmental Factors): |
- Traumatic experiences (past abuse, trauma, neglect)
- Social support (little to no)
- Resilience (ability to cope - tolerance level)
- Coping mechanisms (emotion - for short term & problem focused - for long term)
- Life circumstances (eg: financial diff, chronic illness etc)
- Stigma and discrimination (get lesser resources)
- Cumulative stress (effect of chronic stress - allostatic load)
- Cultural background (beliefs, values)
|
External (Societal and Access-Related Factors): |
- Access to resources and healthcare
- Exposure to media (constant exposure leads to higher effects)
|
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