most common elements in all living matter
bonds
ionic |
transfer of electrons |
covalent |
sharing of electrons |
^polar |
unequal sharing |
^non polar |
equal sharing |
hydrogen bonds |
weak bonds between hydrogen and negatively charged item |
hydrophobic interactions |
how non-polar compounds congregate together (lipids) |
van der waal |
weak forces over short distances bet non polar, elecs end up in one part of mlc |
strong vs weak bonds
strong bond |
covalent |
weak bond |
hydrogen, ionic |
pH
ranges from 0-14 |
measures amount of hydrogen ion concentration |
acid |
0-6, molecule that increases hydronium concentration, more H+ concentration |
distilled water / neutral |
7 |
base |
8-14, molecule that increases hydroxide concentration, less H+ concen |
formula |
pH = −log [H+] |
each increment on the pH scale is a tenfold change |
-pH 3 = 10^-3 = 1/1000 |
Blood-7.4, stomach-2, small intestine-8 |
enzymes are specific to pH |
buffer |
accepts/donates H+ to stabilize pH |
chemical reactions
dehydration synthesis |
loss of water, monomers join together to make polymers, water is BYPRODUCT |
hydrolysis |
input of water, polymers are broken down, water is USED |
isomers
organic compounds that have the same molecular formula, but diff structures |
structural |
differ in arr of atoms |
cis-trans |
spatial arrangement of double bonds (double not flexible like single) |
enantiomers |
mirror images of each other, think hands |
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properties of water
properties are all because of hydrogen bonding |
except for high heat of vap and specific heat |
polarity |
cohesion |
water mlcs stick to itself |
caused by polar mlcs//surface tension |
adhesion |
water mlcs sticking to/attracted to other charged compounds |
capillary action//water climbs glucose and glass |
low density when frozen |
most substances become denser as a solid, not water//ice floats//hydrogen bonds create a lattice and puts space bet mlcs |
ocean doesn't freeze solid/surface ice insulates below water |
versatile solvent |
solute - sub you dissolve into a liq (sugar)//solvent - dissolves other subs (water)//aqueous solution-solution in which water is the solvent |
like dissolves like, water can dissolve other polar mlcs//water’s a versatile solvent due to its polarity - it forms H-bonds easily |
high heat of fusion/vaporization |
the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas |
evaporative cooling:surface cools down once water leaves it |
high specific heat |
Must add lots of heat to increase temp |
H2O moderates earths temperature |
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carbohydrates
CHO |
1:2:1 |
monomer |
monosaccharide |
(2 mono) |
disaccharide |
polymer (3 or more mono) |
polysaccharide |
Provide cells with quick/short-term energy, source of dietary fiber |
Used for energy (cell respiration) |
end with suffix -ose |
glycosidic bond/linkages |
covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis formed bet monosaccharides to form di- and polysaccharides |
maltose |
glucose/glucose |
sucrose |
glucose/fructose |
lactose |
glucose/galactose |
disaccharide |
C12 H22 O11 (double then remove H2O) |
glucose |
C6 H12 O6 |
types of carbs
function |
animal |
plant |
storage |
glycogen (stored in liver and skeletal muscle) "animal starch" |
starch (two forms are amylose and amylopectin/are both glucose monomers |
(starch)joined through alpha glycosidic bonds (CAN be digested by humans) |
structural |
chitin (exoskeleton in arthropods and cell wall in fungi) |
cellulose used for plant cell walls |
both are by beta glycosidic bonds (CANNOT be broken down by animals |
lipids
Provide cells with long-term energy, make up biological membranes |
in all membranes; stored energy, protection, insulation, myelin sheath of nerves |
generally considered hydrophobic |
used for insulation and buoyancy in marine and Artic animals |
monomer |
fatty acids and glycerol |
CHO (P only in phospholipids) |
NOT in 1:2:1 ratio |
Phospholipids (glycerol + phosphate + TWO fatty acids) |
makeup cell membranes (Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail) |
amphipathic |
having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts |
steroids |
liquids that consist of 4 fused rings; many steroid hormones in animals are produced from cholesterol |
saturated |
single bonds between carbons |
unsaturated |
have at least one double bond between carbons (kinky) |
plants make polyunsaturated |
several double or triple bonds between carbon atoms |
animals make monounsaturated |
saturated except for one multiple bond |
structure of lipids
fat/triglyceride ( glycerol + 3 fatty acids) |
most energy-rich of biologically important compounds |
too much leads to buildup in arteries - atherosclerosis |
unsaturated vs saturated
proteins
protein carriers in the cell membrane, antibodies, hemoglobin, enzymes, most hormones |
Provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reactions, etc |
perform structural, catalytic, signalling, defense, and transport duties in a cell |
CHON (may have other elements in R group) |
monomer |
amino acid (20 types) |
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dipeptide |
polymer (3 or more) |
polypeptide |
parts of an amino acid |
carboxyl (COOH) group on one end, amino a group on the other end (NH2), the central carbon atom and variable R-group |
Protein folding |
shape determines function |
protein shape |
depends on primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure |
denaturation |
a protein back to an inactive form can take place with changes to pH, salt concentration, temperature, or exposure to toxic compounds |
protein folding
primary |
amino acid chain |
secondary |
beta pleated sheet or alpha helix (hydrogen bonds) |
tertiary |
globular; folds in on itself (disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interaction; ionic bonding |
quaternary |
more than one polypeptide. |
nucleic acids
Store and pass on genetic information |
CHONPS |
monomer |
nucleotide |
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dinucleotide |
polymer (3 or more mono)(3 or more) |
polynucleotide |
nucleotide structure |
sugar, phosphate, and base |
DNA |
double-stranded, has deoxyribose, bases A, G, C, T |
RNA |
single-stranded, has ribose, bases A, G, C, U |
deoxyribose vs ribose (these are CARBS)
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