Asexual Reproduction: Cell Cycle
Interphase |
Mitosis |
Cytokinesis |
Cell grows and develops & does normal functions, longest cell cycle phase, late interphase DNA replication occurs |
Prophase: Nucleolus disappears, spindle fibres form & attach to centromeres |
Cell divides into 2 daughter cells |
Dna molecule unwinds with help of enzyme, bases pair up= 2 genetically id DNA molecs. |
Metaphase: Spindle fibres lineup at equator of cell |
For both binary and cell cycle |
Mitosis: Anaphase: Spindle fibres pull sis. chromatids to opp. poles |
Telophase: Nuclear membrane reappears around sis chromatids |
Eukaryotic cells use cell cycle
Sexual Reproduction Cell Cycle
Meiosis 1 |
Meiosis 2 |
Prophase 1: Nucleolus dissolves, Nucleolus dissolves, spindle fibres form, homologous chromosomes pair, spindle fibres attach to centromeres, DNA condenses to chromosomes. Pro 2= same no homo |
Metaphase: Spindle fibres push chromosomes to equator (middle) on 2 sides of equator |
same no homo |
Anaphase: Homo chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell (spindle fibres pull) |
Sister chromatids separate |
Telophase: spindle fibres disappear, nuclear membrane comes back, two nuclei form, after telo cell divides at cleavage furrow, 2 cells |
Same, cell later divides after, 4 cells |
Still Interphase and Cytokinesis. Homologous
Binary Fission
Cell splits to two daughter cells with id DNA |
Some bacteria reproduce through binary fission cause they don't have a nucleus |
Mutation may occur during dna rep. or when chromosomes don't move to 2 dtr. cells |
Prokaryotic cells only. Barrier forms between daughter cells as they split
Plant Reproduction
male rep. org: stamen |
female rep. org: pistil |
releases m. gamete |
gamete carried to stigma |
anther: pollen stored&produced |
Stigma: sticky&captures male gamete |
Pollen grains contain male gamete |
style: where the pollen tube is |
filament supports anther |
ovary: contains ovules |
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Ovules: surround female gamete |
Seed germination=a seed developing to plant
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Sexual Reproduction
Mating: When sperm & egg meet |
Fertilization: When gametes fuse to form zygote |
Development: When organism develops into embryo |
Embryo: is unborn/unhatched offspring in development process |
Fertilization: sperm breaks into egg cell and penetrates the cell membrane, then fusses with egg nucleus making zygote |
Internal fertilization gametes join outside of parents. |
External is when gametes join inside parents, embryo inside mom |
Internal: |
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External: |
Embryo is protected |
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Not protected |
More energy |
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little energy |
Produces less |
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Produces more |
More competition for food |
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Less competition |
More likely to survive |
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Many are not fertilized |
Zygote eventually turns into embryo, which eventually makes a complete individual |
Morula>Blastula>Gastrula |
Morula= End of week 1 (ball of cells) Blastula= End of week 2 (hollow ball of cells, cells can develop into any type of cell) Gastrula= 3 distinct layers of cells (Ectoderm= skin & nerves, Mesoderm= Muscles & bones, Endoderm= lungs, liver, and digestive system lining) |
Gametes=sperm/egg. Sperm cells have flagella & are mobile
Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
Rep. Purpose: Produce a offspring, continue species |
Cell Theory: "New cells are formed through the division of existing cells." |
Every species has different method of rep. |
Asex. rep. |
sex. rep. |
Asex. 0->0 0 (parent is now daughter cell) |
Sex. 0+0= 0 (Zygote) (parents usually stay alive) |
1 Parent |
2 parents/ Gametes= sperm, egg |
All parent DNA |
Offspring genetically different/ Half Dad DNA, Half Mom DNA |
Genetically Identical |
Genetic diversity= better immunity |
Clones are natural, but can also be artificial |
DNA is made of many nucleoids liked together |
4 types of nucleoids: Adenine-Thymine,Cytosine-Guanine |
DNA coil into condensed form: chromatin |
More condensed to chromosome, when the cell is ready to reproduce |
DNA looks like long spiral ladder called double helix |
Sides of ladder are made up of sugar & phosphate |
If the genetic code messes up it causes genetic mutation.
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