General Definitions
Anatomy: The science of body structures and relationships |
Physiology: The science of body functions |
Homeostasis: a condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment |
Structural Levels of the Body
1. Chemical Level |
Atoms (C,H,O,N,P) |
2. Cellular Level |
Chemicals together - smallest basic living unit of the body |
3. Tissue Level |
Cells coming together |
4. Organ Level |
Stomach...single organisms in a body |
5. Organ System Level |
Digestive System... Group of organs |
6. Organism Level |
Human... Organ Systems |
Feedback Systems
Receptor |
Body structure that monitors and sends input to the control center |
Nerve ending of the skin response to temperature change |
Control Center |
Brain |
Sets range of values; evaluates input; generates output command as Nerve impulses |
Effector |
Recieves output from the control center and produces a respponse that changes the controlled conditions |
found in nearly every organ or tissue; if body temp drops, brain sends an impulse to the skeletal muscles to contract which causes shivering to generate heat |
Organ Groups = Organ Systems
Integumentary |
hair, skin, nails, endocrineal glands |
Skeletal |
Bones, Cartilage, Joints |
Muscular |
Skeletal Muscle |
Nervous |
Brain, spinal cord, nerve |
Lymphatic |
thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessel, lymph node |
Respiratory |
Larynx, lung, bronchea, pharynx |
Reproductive |
Ovary, testes, penis, vagina, mamary gland |
Urinary |
Kidney, ureterm urinary bladder, urethra |
Cardiovascular |
Heart, artery, vein, blood vessels |
Endocrine |
Pineal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, ovary, testis, adrenal gland,, thymus, pituitary gland |
Digestive |
Pharynx, anus, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver, stomach, pancreas |
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Negative Feedback
External (running) or internal (stress) stimulus increase BP |
Baroreceptors (pressure sensitive receptors) |
- Detect higher Bp |
- send nerve impulses to brain (control center) for interpretation |
- Response sent via nerve impulse to heart and blood vessels (effectors) |
- BP drops and homeostasis is restored |
- Drop in BP negates the original stimulus |
Positive Feedback System: Normal Childbirth
1. Uterine contrations cause cervix to open |
2. Stretch-sensitive receptors in cervix send impulse to brain |
3. Oxtocin is released into the blood |
4. Contractions enhanced and baby pushes farther down the uterus |
5. Cycle continues to the birth of the baby (no stretching) |
Body Planes
Sagittal Plane |
Head to toe slice dividing body into right and left sides |
Mid-sagittal/ median plane |
At the mid line, equal right and left halves |
Transverse Plane |
Slice that cuts the body into superior and inferior parts |
Coronal or frontal plane |
Slice that cuts the body into anterior and posterior parts |
Body Parts
Upper Limb |
arm, forearm, wrist, hand |
Lower Limb |
thigh, leg, ankle, foot |
Trunk |
thorax, abdomen, pelvis |
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Tissue Types
Connective |
Epithelial |
Nervous |
Muscle |
Different types of tissues can be grouped together to form an organ.
Skin= Epidermis (epithelial tissue) + Dermis (connective tissue)
Heart=Outerwall (epithelial & Connective)+Middle (muscle)+Inner Wall (epithelial & connective)
Characteristics Essential for Life
Organization |
Metabolism |
Responsiveness |
Growth |
Development |
Reproduction |
Control of Homeostasis
Physical Insults |
exercise, cut in hand |
Chemical in the Internal Environment |
Glucose/Salt fluxuations |
Physiological Stress/Imbalance |
Flu Shot |
Disruptions (long and short term) |
Short: Exercise Long: cells stop producing dopamine --> Parkinsons |
Homeostatic Imbalances: Normal equilibrium of body processes are disrupted
Intro Terms for Body Orientation
Anatomical position |
Standing, facing forward, palms forward |
Supine |
when laying face up |
Prone |
When laying face down |
Superior |
The head is above the shoulders |
Inferior |
The shoulders are below the head |
Caudal |
Towards the tail |
Cranial/ Cephalic |
Towards the head |
Proximal |
Closer to you |
Anterior |
Front |
Posterior/ Dorsal |
Back |
Lateral |
off to the side of the midline |
Medial |
Towards the midline |
Superficial |
On the surface |
Deep |
Inside |
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