Theories COMP William James College Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by Moomooe

Operant Condit­ioning Theory Thorndike and Skinner Focus on antece­dents and conseq­uences of overt behavior, reinforce correct responses, ignore incorrect responses, shape behavior by contro­lling amount, frequency, and conditions under which reinfo­rcement occurs

Concepts from operant condit­ioning: Positive reinfo­rcement Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, Negative reinfo­rcement the reinfo­rcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus, Extinction decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinfo­rced, Genera­liz­ation transf­erring response from one type of stimuli to similar stimuli, Discri­min­ation responding differ­ently to stimuli based on cues or antecedent events, Shaping gradually reinfo­rcing parts of a behavior to more closely approx­imate desired behavior

Concepts from Observ­ational learning: Bandura determined that four elements needed to be present for observ­ational learning to occur: attention paying attention to a model, memory retaining info about a model, imitation motor reprod­uction, and motivation repeat reinforced behavior, vicarious, self-r­ein­for­cement. Self-e­fficacy percep­tions of one's ability to perform in different situations

Behavioral assessment (assessing discrete behaviors and their antece­dents and conseq­uences through use of: Behavioral interv­iews, Behavioral reports and ratings (BDI), Behavioral observ­ations, Physio­logical measur­ements

Behavior modeling types: Live watching a model, symbolic watching a model through media, role playing acting the part of a model partic­ipant therapist models and guides client in replic­ating, covert the client imagines a model that the therapist describes

ABC model: Antece­dents, Behavior, Conseq­uence

BT is Derived From: Functional analysis of behavior, Empiri­cally supported treatm­ents, A compre­hensive assessment process

Techniques: Compli­men­ting, Scaling questions, Exception questions, Miracle question, Coping questions, Formula first session task, "The messag­e," Assessing motivation

Goals: Clear, Specific, Small, Feedback on progress towards goals

Goals: Generate new meaning in the lives of clients, Co-dev­elop, with clients, solutions that are unique to the situation, Enhance awareness of the impact of various aspects of the dominant culture on the indivi­dual, Help people develop altern­ative ways of being, acting, knowing, and living

Modernists believe in the ability to describe objective reality accurately and assume that in can be observed and known through the scientific method, People seek therapy for a problem when it has caused them to stray too far from some objective norm, Postmo­dernism says that truth is a social constr­uction

Enviro­nment: parents’ relati­onship as models for cooper­ation, Mother­-child relati­onship, father­-child, relati­onship with siblings, relati­onships with peers at home/at school

Four Processes: 1. Therap­eutic Relati­onship [similar goals, empathic, confront resist­anc­e/s­abo­taging, not impose], 2. Assessment and Analysis, 3. Insight and Interp­ret­ation, 4. Reorie­ntation (changes in beliefs and behaviors)

Techni­que­s/R­eor­ien­tation: acting as if, catching oneself, creating images, spitting in the client's soup, avoiding the tar baby (sticky issues), push-b­utton technique, parado­xical intention, task setting and commitment to change, life tasks

The Process of Encour­agement in Adlerian Counseling Includes: Helping the client recognize or accept their positive qualities, focus on their resources and strengths, and helping clients become aware of their assets and strengths rather than dealing contin­ually with their deficits and liabil­ities.

Goals: Positive vs. proble­m-s­atu­rated stories, Positive altern­atives

Levels of consci­ousness: Conscious (ego, known directly), Personal uncons­cious (exper­iences, thoughts, feelings, percep­tions NOT admitted to ego), Collective uncons­cious (material common to all human beings, inherited ability to see the world)

Goals: Indivi­dua­tion, Integr­ation of conscious and uncons­cious

4 Stages­/Co­mpo­nents: Catharsis, Elucid­ation or interp­ret­ation, Social focus, Transf­orm­ation or indivi­duation

View of Person­ality: Id: pleasure princi­ple­/Dr­iving force, Ego: reality principle, Superego: moral/­ide­al/­con­sci­enc­e/R­est­raining force

Develo­pmental Stages: Oral (0-18 mo) Trust vs. Mistrust, Anal (18 mo-3 yr) Autonomy vs. Shame/­Doubt, Phallic (3-5/6) Initiative vs. Guilt, Latency (6-12) Industry vs. Inferi­ority, Genital (12+) Identity vs. role confusion/ Intimacy vs. isolation/ Genera­tivity vs. Stagna­tion/ Integrity vs. Despair/ Disgust vs. Wisdom

Techniques: Free associ­ation, Neutra­lity, Empathy, Interp­ret­ation of resistance or dreams, Transf­erence, Counte­rtr­ans­fer­ence, Relati­onship responses

Focuses on: Nonverbal commun­ica­tion, The here and now, The what and how of experi­encing, The authen­ticity of the therapist, Active dialogic inquiry and explor­ation, The I/Thou of relating

Holism: The full range of human functi­oning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, language, and dreams

Field theory: The field is the client’s enviro­nment which consists of therapist and client and all that goes on between them

Therapists focus on where energy is located, how it is used, and how it can be blocked. Blocked energy is a form of defensive behavior that may result in unfinished business

Five different kinds of contact boundary distur­bances: 1. Introj­ection taking in views of others uncrit­ically, 2. Projection pushing out or dismissing aspects of ourselves by assigning them to others, 3. Retrof­lection bending back on ourselves, doing to ourselves what we want to do to someone else or have done to us, 4. Deflection indirect or minimal contact, avoiding the issue, 5. Confluence lessening the boundary between ourselves and others

A Focus on Language: “It” talk, “You” talk, Questions, Language that denies power, Listening to clients’ metaphors, Listening for language that uncovers a story

Limita­tions: Emotio­nally reserved clients may find the emphasis on feelings to be off putting, The emphasis on therapist authen­ticity and self-d­isc­losure may be overpo­wering for some

A range of experi­ential techniques are used to strengthen the self, regulate affect, and create new meaning

EFT strategies help clients with too little emotion access their emotions, and help clients who experience too much emotion contain their emotions o It is effective in treating anxiety, intimate partner violence, eating disorders, and trauma

Six conditions that are necessary and sufficient for person­ality changes to occur: 1. Two persons are in psycho­logical contact 2. The client is experi­encing incong­ruence 3. The therapist is congruent or integrated in the relati­onship 4. The therapist has uncond­itional positive regard for the client 5. The therapist experi­ences empathy for the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to commun­icate this to the client 6. The commun­ication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved

PCT does not focus on the use of specific techni­ques, making this treatment difficult to standa­rdize and Beginning therapists may find it difficult to provide both support and challenges to clients

Basic Dimensions of Human Condition 1. Capacity for self-a­war­eness 2.The tension between freedom and respon­sib­ility 3. The creation of an identity and establ­ishing meaningful relati­onships 4. Search for meaning 5. Accepting anxiety as a condition for living 6. Awareness of death and nonbeing

Goals: Assisting clients in moving toward authen­ticity and learning to recognize when they are deceiving themse­lves, Helping clients face anxiety and engage in action that is based on creating a meaningful existence, Helping clients to reclaim and re-own their lives; teaching them to listen to what they already know about themse­lves. The central goal is to increase awareness

3 Phases: Initial phase: Clients are assisted in identi­fying and clarifying their assump­tions about the world, Middle phase: Clients are assisted in more fully examining the source and authority of their present value system, Final phase: Clients are assisted in action

highly didactic and directive

Therap­eutic Goals: To help clients differ­entiate between realistic and unreal­istic goals and between self-d­efe­ating and life-e­nha­ncing goals. To assist clients in the process of achieving: Uncond­itional self-a­cce­ptance (USA), Uncond­itional other-­acc­eptance (UOA), Uncond­itional life-a­cce­ptance (ULA)

Emotive techniques: Rational emotive imagery, Humor, Role playing, Shame-­att­acking exercises, Behavior therapy procedures

Theore­tical Assump­tions People’s internal commun­ication is accessible to intros­pec­tion. Clients’ beliefs have highly personal meanings. These meanings can be discovered by the client rather than being taught or interp­reted by the therapist.

Negative Cognitive Triad: triangle repres­enting a negative and irrational view of ourselves, our future and the world around us (cogni­tions) and the effects they have on emotion and behaviors

Therapist takes on teaching role, expert in CT/REBT, focused on present, Warmth is a part of CT but not REBT

Feedback: Commun­ication patterns: Linear or Circular

Equifi­nality: Several paths to one/same destin­ation

Methods to bring about change: Empathic respon­ding, Family recons­tru­ction (includes fantasy, psycho­drama, role playing), Experi­ential and gestalt techniques

Goals and Techniques: Therapist chooses goals (Inter­mediate or final; specific not vague), For each goal, therapist designs plan to accomplish using two basic techniques that may be metaph­orical or pragmatic 1. Straig­htf­orward tasks (to change intera­ctions, simple activi­ties) 2. Parado­xical tasks

Boundary permea­bility: highly permeable (enmes­hed), not permeable (disen­gaged)

Boundary types: alignm­ents, coalit­ions, triang­ulation

Techniques: Family mapping Clear boundary, diffuse boundary, rigid, affili­ation, over-i­nvo­lve­ment, Joining interact with family using their style of intera­ction, Enactment to act out a conflict so that therapist can work in the present, Intensity therapist attends to the way a message is given, Changing Boundaries ,rearrange seating or change distance between family members, Reframing different ways of seeing a situation

Techniques: Evaluation Interview, Genogram, Interp­ret­ation, Detria­ngu­lation

The reality therapist: assist clients in dealing with the present

Therapists may explore: identi­fying their intern­alized messages of oppression and replace them with more self-e­nha­ncing beliefs, understand how sexist and oppressive societal beliefs and practices influence them in negative ways, and recognize the power of relati­onships and connec­tedness

Regarding psycho­therapy treatment outcome, research suggests: the therap­eutic relati­onship is essential component of effective treatment, the therapist as a person is an integral part of successful treatment, both the therapy method used and the therapy relati­onship influence the outcomes of treatment B. therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment