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Chapter 5 AP Biology Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

5.1- Macrom­ole­cules

Polymer- long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
Monomer- one of the smaller repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer
Enzymes- specia­lized macrom­ole­cules that speed up chemical reactions in cells; facilitate process of making and breaking down polymers
Dehydr­ation reaction- reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule; one monomer provides hydroxyl (OH), the other provides H
Polyme­riz­ation- process of monomers being added to chain one by one in creating a polymer
Hydrolysis- reverse of dehydr­ation reaction; bond between monomers broken by addition of a water molecule where H attaches to one monomer and OH attaches to the other
Digestion- enzymes attack polymers (too large to enter cells) to speed up hydrol­ysis, released monomers absorbed into bloods­tream, cells use dehydr­ation reactions to assemble monomers into new polymers to perform various functions
Polymers constr­ucted from 40-50 common monomers and other rare ones; small and common molecules act as building blocks ordered into unique macrom­ole­cules with emergent properties not found in individual components
 

5.2- Carboh­ydrates

Carboh­ydrates- include sugars and polymers of sugars
Monosa­cch­arides- simple sugars and simplest carboh­ydr­ates; monomers from which more complex carboh­ydrates are built; generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O
Disacc­harides- double sugars consisting of two macrom­ole­cules joined by a covalent bond; must be brokend own into monosa­cch­arides to be used for energy by organisms
Polysa­cch­arides- carboh­ydrate macrom­ole­cules composed of hundreds to thousands of monosa­cch­arides joined by glycosidic linkages
Glucose- aldose, most common monosa­cch­aride, C6H12O6, consists of a carbonyl (>C=O) and multiple hydroxyls (-OH)
Aldehyde sugars (aldose)- carbonyl group on end of carbon skeleton, ketone sugar (ketose)- carbonyl group within carbon skeleton
Trioses- three-­carbon sugars (C3H6O3), pentoses- five-c­arbon sugars (C5H10O5), hexoses- six-carbon sugars (glucose)
Asymmetric carbon- carbon attached to four different (groups of) atoms; placement of parts around an asymmetric carbon gives sugars distin­ctive shapes and binding activi­ties, eg. glucose and galactose
Pentoses and hexoses like to form rings in aqueous solutions because they are the most stable form of sugars under physio­logical conditions
Cellular respir­ation- cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down in a series of reactions
Monosa­cch­arides serve as major nutrients for cellular work; carbon skeletons serve as raw material for synthesis of organic molecules
Glycosidic linkage- covalent bond formed between two monosa­cch­arides by dehydr­ation reaction to form disacc­harides
Maltose- disacc­haride formed by linking two glucose molecules; 1-4 glycosidic linkage
Sucrose- most common disacc­haride; formed between glucose and fructose; 1-2 glycosidic linkage
Lactose- disacc­haride formed between glucose and galactose; lactose intole­rance caused by lack of lactase (enzyme used to break down lactose)